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In 2006 and early 2007, three major infectious diseases occurred in various parts of the world. The first was the continuation in some countries of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), due to virus subtype H5N1. The second was the first documented expansion of bluetongue (BT) in the northern hemisphere reaching a latitude as high as 52°36’41” N. The third was the reoccurrence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in certain areas of the world. In 2006 a total of 47 countries: Africa (8), Asia (15) and Europe (24), reported HPAI outbreaks due to H5N1. This paper contains details about the global epidemic situation of this disease. The first occurrence of BT in August 2006 in the Netherlands and afterwards in other Northern European countries was related to climate changes in the direction of the greenhouse effect, enabling the colonization of this region by different Culicoides species being vectors of BT virus. The epizootic situation of this disease, particularly in Northern Europe, was characterized. FMD continued to be a major epizootic disease in the Middle East and was difficult to control because of the traditional large-scale movements of animals in this region. The article also mentions other countries where FMD was diagnosed in 2006 and 2007 such as Turkey, East Amman. Israel, the Palestinian Autonomous Territories, Egypt, Botswana, Guinea, South African Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, People’s Republic of China, Vietnam, Ecuador, Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia, and identifies its serotypes.
The paper analyzes the first cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) caused by H5N1 subtype in wild birds in Poland. From mid-February, when the H5N1 virus was found in wild birds on Ruegen Island in Germany, the number of samples received by the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) for HPAI diagnosis in Pu³awy increased significantly. Samples of organs from wild birds (but occasionally from poultry and mammals) were tested by RT-PCR/H5, and in the case of positive results by RT-PCR/N1 and on SPF embryonated eggs. The first case of H5 was identified on 5th of March in 2 dead mute swans in Toruñ. Further tests proved it was the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. The results obtained by the NRL were entirely confirmed by the Community Reference Laboratory in Weybridge, UK. The H5N1-positive swans were part of a flock of 113 mute swans. All birds from that flock were locked up in an aviary on 10th of March. On 15th of March one swan in the aviary died and was found positive for H5N1. On 28th of March, samples of tracheal and cloacal swabs as well as blood samples were collected from 112 live swans and submitted to the NRL. Thirty two swans were H5-positive in RT-PCR test and eighty three swans were serologically positive in the haemagglutination inhibition test with H5 antigen. On 1st of April, 80 swans negative in RT-PCR/H5 were released free while 32 swans were euthanized two days later. Subsequent cases of HPAI/H5N1 were found in: Kostrzyñ (1 outbreak) in 2 mute swans, 1 hawk and 1 grey heron, winoujcie (1 outbreak) in 1 goosander, Bydgoszcz (3 outbreaks) in 19 mute swans, Grudzi¹dz (2 outbreaks) in 2 mute swans, and Warta (1 outbreak) in 1 mute swan. Altogether, by the end of June 2006, samples from 1,489 wild birds (multiple species), 113 poultry (chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, ostriches) and 22 mammals (cats, dogs, polecat, otter) had been tested. The preliminary data suggests a high level of genetic similarity in all isolated Polish H5N1 strains with other H5N1 strains isolated in Europe in 2006 and their homology with strains isolated during a large HPAI H5N1 outbreak at Qinghai Lake in China in 2005.
There is a wide range of differing opinions relating to assessing the risk of zoonotic pathogens which cause avian influenza (AI) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and, in the case of humans, variants of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) and influenza. The aim of the study was to analyze the most essential publications in this field. It compared the number of cases of disease and death in animals and humans and presented the variety of mechanisms within influenza viruses as well as the consequences of their adaptations in relation to both birds and humans. The study concluded that subtype H5N1 of the influenza virus was the cause of the pandemic influenza in domestic and wild birds which started in 2003, is still continuing, and has so far caused the death of over 200 million domestic birds and an undefined number of wild birds, but that it is not a danger to humans to such a degree as subtypes H1N1, H2N2 and H3N2. These subtypes caused the death of about 50 million, 1 million, and over 700 000 humans during respective outbreaks in the 20th century. The present situation, related to the H5N1 strain has, on the other hand, only caused 129 deaths so far with the most recent cases of mortality occurring in Asia, Turkey and Egypt. As far as BSE is concerned, cases of transmitting the prion which causes vCJD from cattle to man have been much fewer, with the highest numbers in the past 20 years occurring in the United Kingdom - about 160 human fatalities, France - 15 cases and a few other countries with smaller numbers of fatalities. No cases of vCJD have been encountered to date in some countries where BSE has been diagnosed such as Switzerland, Germany and Poland. Even in the U.K. however, where in 2000 the number of fatalities of vCJD were 28, this number decreased in 2005 to 5 cases, indicating the disappearance of this zoonosis.
The aim of the paper is to describe outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) caused by H5N1 subtype in December 2007 in Poland. Between 1st-22nd of December, the H5N1 virus was detected in 9 poultry holdings (2 meat turkey holdings, 3 commercial layer farms and 4 free-ranging flocks) and in wild birds kept in captivity (2 buzzards and 1 white stork in an avian asylum). Laboratory diagnostic methods included real time RT-PCR targeting Matrix H5 and N1 genes, with subsequent confirmation by virus isolation, serological identification, conventional RT-PCR and sequencing. All outbreaks occurred in the Mazowieckie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie voivodships. The clinical signs in poultry were typical of HPAI, but the average mortality was rather low (usually below 1%) due to rapid reporting, diagnosis and quickly applied control measures. Epidemiological investigation revealed that the meat from one turkey flock and eggs from one layer flock entered the market. All poultry products from the infected farms were withdrawn from the shops and wholesalers and destroyed. As an effect of the applied control measures, approximately 1 million birds were culled and the economical losses exceeded 12 mln PLN. The source of the outbreaks is inconclusive: possibly wild birds in the case of the first infected farms, but the role of humans in the further spread of the disease across the country is probable and based on reliable assumptions. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis based on the haemagglutinin gene suggests a close relationship of the Polish isolates to H5N1 isolated in Europe and Middle East in the second half of 2007.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
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2010
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tom 66
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nr 12
s.795-709,tab.,bibliogr.
According to the OlE rapporteur, Dr Karim Ben Jebara, Head of the OlE Animal Health Information Department, there were no major regional or international events involving OlE listed diseases in 2009 or early 2010. A continuation of the situation with quantitative and qualitative differences was witnessed. The table for the most frequently reported diseases is presented. The next table informs about the total number of confirmed human cases and deaths caused by the avian influenza subtype H5Nl. Although it is not an OlE listed disease pandemic influenza A H1N1 (2009) has been notified to the OlE as an emerging disease. The occurrence of this infection in swine, turkeys and dogs, including countries where it occurred, is characterized. African swine fever outbreaks reported to OlE between January 2009 and March 2010 by Armenia and Russia are mentioned. The infection is present in wild boar and domestic swine. Because of its location it is endangering the swine population in Eastern and Central Europe. After a long time of not occurring, in 2009 glanders was reported from Brazil, Ethiopia, Iran, Afganistan, India, Myanmar and Mongolia. OlE recommended that given the potentially severe consequences for humans it is important to implement regular testing in the event of international movement of Equidae and conduct national surveillance. In the report sheep pox and goat pox, Rift Valley fever, West Nile fever, bovine anaplasmosis, bovine babesiosis, equine piroplasmosis, notified bee diseases, and some infections occurring in 2009 and beginning of 2010 in wildlife are also mentioned and discussed.
In his presentation on the animal disease status world wide in 2010 and early 2011, during the 79 General Session of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Dr Karim Ben Jebara discussed the most significant epizootiological events concerning foot and mouth disease (FMD), rabies, West Nile fever (WNF), bluetongue (BT), African swine fever (ASF), highly pathogenic avian influenza caused by serotype H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in terrestrial domestic and wild animals. Infections of aquatic animals were not characterized except for those caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and ranavirus in amphibians. Other diseases of aquatic animals were discussed in the presentation of the rapporteur of the Aquatic Animal Health Standards Commission. In conclusion of the report concerning terrestrial animals, the authors stated that no major regional or international epizootic infections involving OIE-listed diseases occurred in 2010 and at the beginning of 2011. However, these diseases occurred in several parts of the world causing losses of average size. The global eradication of rinderpest was announced as an important achievement of the Veterinary Services. The risk of transmission of African swine fever from Russia to other European countries was emphasized.
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