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Immunobiologia Cryptosporidium sp.

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Immunological aspects of cryptosporidiosis: its immunopathology, antigenicity, perspectives of treatment and diagnosis are reviewed. In particular pathology of this disease in immunodeficient (as a result of AIDS or suppressive drugs chemotherapy) patients is presented.
NK (natural killer) cells are lymphoid, often granular, cells that are an important component of natural immunity, along with the complement system and phagocytic activity. NK cells are defined as cells of the innate immune response. Recent studies, however, demonstrate that specific subsets of mouse NK cells can develop specific immunological “memory” to a variety of antigens. NK cells do not require prior contact with foreign (i.e. viral or tumor) antigens and are not MHC-restricted. NK cells are involved in antibody- -dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and are thus able to destroy target cells coated with antibodies. NK cells express strong cytotoxicity against neoplastic and virus-infected cells after the activation of the perforin/granzyme system. They express stimulatory and inhibitory receptors on cell surface that recognize self-MHC proteins and regulate their activation. Mice NK cells express a large number of receptors, such as Ly49 receptors, which can inhibit the activity of MHC class I molecules. This short review shows an important role of NK cells as the effector arms of the immune system.
PRRSV is a member of the genus Arterivirus, family Arteriviridae, order Nidovirales. PRRSV is the causative agent of the most important infectious disease that affects swine herds world-wide, producing great economic losses. Since its emergence over 25 years ago, much has been learned about the immunobiology of PRRSV. The immune response to PRRSV infection is weak and relatively late. This results in long-term persistence of viral load (4-5 weeks), and infectious virions are detected in lymphoid tissue up to 157 days post-infection. Although the organism’s immune response to PRRSV infection and the mechanisms of resistance to infection have not been fully explored, commercial vaccines are available on the market. These vaccines do not provide full and universal protection against PRRSV infection. The present review discusses current knowledge on the virus immunobiology, including the innate and adaptive immune responses to the virus and the regulation of the immune response by PRRSV.
Susceptibility of snails to infection with larvae of digenetic trematodes is determined by: degree of infectivity of a parasite race, causal ecological factors, and efficiency of defence reactions. In the article indications of resistance and immunity of these animals to such infections are presented, with regard to mechanisms of cellular and humoral forms of the immunological response. Some aspects of altered by a parasite dynamics of defence reactions of a host, like: occurrence of opportunistic infections (development of the immunological tolerance state for homo- and heterologous reinfections), adaptive immunity, and cases of survival of parasitic larvae in naturally resistant snails are discussed.
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