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Relationships between milk β-carotene concentrations and the cytological quality of cow’s milk. The objective of the study was to describe the relationship between milk β-carotene concentration and the cytological quality of milk of high yielding cows. The experiment was carried out at the research dairy farm of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS). From a herd of 320 Polish Holstein Friesian cows maintained in a free–stall dairy shed 58 cows were selected taking into consideration the stage of lactation (15±14 days). Cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) diet provided ad libitum. Four groups of cows taking into consideration concentration of β–carotene in milk has been created: 1) <150 mg L-1; 2) 151-250 mg L-1; 3) 251-450 mg L-1; 4) > 450 mg L-1. The content of β–carotene and SCC amounted at the herd level: 192 tys ml-1 and 0.312 mgL -1 respectively. The β–carotene content ranged from 0.150 to 0.451 mgL-1. The highest content of β–carotene, 0.451 mgL-1, was found in milk of cows with the lowest level of somatic cells count (SCC). The lowest level, 0.150 mgL-1, was found in milk of cows with the highest level of SCC. Milk SCC varies significantly with the concentration of β-carotene in cow’s milk. Researchers should consider monitoring for this variable as potential cofounder when exploring the relationship between mastitis, intramammary infection and nutritional management.
The immunological effects of the environmental and/or occupational exposure to NO2 and NO in air as polluting gases have been examined in groups of 16 men. The determina-tion of NO2 and NO concentrations in ambient air in the work enviroment as well as in ambient air in residential areas of these men was performed, always by use of an Amaya-Sugiura passive sampling spectrophotometric method. Mean concentration of NO2 in ambient air in residential areas was 0.0210 mg x m-3 (0.0070 to 0.0470). NO2and NO mean concentrations in ambient air in the work enviroment were 0.0867 mg x m-3 (0.0165 to 0.1960) and 0.0614 mg x m-3 (0.0220 to 0.1090) respectively. For the determination of T-cell and (CD19+)B-cells populations Behring monoclonal antibodies were used in indirect immuno-fluores-cence tests. The serum levels of immunoglobulins: G, A, M, E; C3c and C4 complement components; total circulating immunological complexes (CIC) as well as acute phase proteins: C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and transferrin were determined by nephelometry. Stimulation T-cell line in exposed to NO2 and NO was evidenced by in-creased number of (CD3+)T-cells, by about twice (p<0.001) increased number of (CD4+)T-helper cells and by increased number of (CD8+)T-suppressor cells. The higher increase in count of (CD4+)T-helper cells than (CD8+)T-suppressor cells population caused the increased value of the (CD+4)T-helper/(CD8+)T-suppressor ratio by about 25% (p<0.01) in the men exposed to NO2 and NO. No changes were observed in the number of (CD19+)B-cells as well as in the (CD3+)T/(CD8+)T-suppressor ratio. In men of exposed to NO2 and NO elevation of IgG serum concentration by a 17.7% (p<0.01) was evidenced as well as decreased of C3c by 18.6% (p<0.001) and C4 by 35% (p<0.001), whereas total CIC in serum was elevated by about twice (p<0.001). Significant positive correlations between concentrations of NO2 in air and numbers of total lymphocytes, (CD3+)-cells, (CD4+)T-helper, (CD8+)T-suppressor cells or IgG (/r/ from 0.31 to 0.71) as well as significant negative correlations between concentrations in air of NO2 and IgE, C3c, CRP or haptoglobin (/r/ from -0.49 to -0.31) were calculated. Moreover, significant positive correlation between NO concentrations in air in work place and counts of (CD3+)T-, (CD8+)T-suppressor, (CD19+)B-cells and levels in serum of C4, haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin (/r/ from 0.33 to 0.63) as well as significant negative correlations between NO concentrations in air in work place and serum levels of IgG, IgA and IgM (/r/ from -0.67 to -0.47) were also observed. In conclusion, environmental exposure to NO2 and NO can modificate in the peripheral blood of humans the parameters of cell-mediated and/or humoral immunity.
In order to examine the relation of known intestinal lesions to changes in T-cell phenotypes and integrin expression, 16 male 10-day-old Holstein calves were divided into two groups. For 28 days of the experiment, eight males were fed NutriMilk in which 50% of the crude protein was soya protein, and eight control animals, with NutriMilk containing only milk casein. The animals fed soya protein showed shorter jejunal villi with a corrugated surface and deeper crypts compared with the control calves. A higher density of CD8+ cells in the intestinal mucosa and a decrease of these cells in peripheral blood were found in calves fed soya protein. The number of CD11b-positive cells was decreased in the peripheral blood of calves fed soya protein. Lower expression of integrin could be related to the appearance of non-mature polymorphonuclear cells. It is not clear if the decrease in CD11b expression on blood cells could also be influenced by milk replacer, i.e. soya protein.
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The basic premise of vaccinology is to achieve strong protective immunity against defined infectious agents by a vaccine mimicking the effects of natural primary exposure to a pathogen. Because an exposure of humans and animals to microbes occurs mostly through mucosal surfaces, targeting the mucosa seems a rational and efficient vaccination strategy. Many experimental and clinical data confirmed that mucosal immunization offers many advantages over widely used in human and veterinary medicine subcutaneous or intramuscular immunization. In the present article selected aspects regarding mucosal vaccination are discussed. The structure and function of mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT), comprised of four main mucosal compartments forming a structural and functional unity as well as pivotal cellular MALT components (dendritic and M cells) were briefly characterized. Particular attention was focused on the mode of simple but efficacious delivery of vaccine antigens to mucosal surfaces. A few trials to generate potential mucosal vaccines against toxoplasmosis introduced by nasal or oral routes to experimental animals are also presented.
Inter-individual variation in immune response to widely used prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases is strongly influenced by sex, MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex), age and current hormones status of vaccinated individuals. Numerous findings showed that microorganisms residing at different sites of human or animal body (natural microbiota), especially in the gastrointestinal tract, appear to contribute to nearly every element of the host’s physiology. Recently, the microbiota is also supposed to be an underappreciated yet, but very important factor responsible for diverse vaccine efficacy observed in humans from developing vs. developed countries. In the article, selected aspects of the microbiota – host relation are presented: importance of the gut microbiota in the development of both the intestinal mucosal and systemic immune responses, bacteria of a predominant role for the immunity (e.g., SFB, Segmented Filamentous Bacteria), and several clinical observations on the varied immunogenicity of the same vaccines in different human populations. In the light of our current knowledge, manipulation of the microbiota by probiotics and/or prebiotics is becoming a realistic therapeutic and prophylactic strategy for many infectious, inflammatory and even neoplastic diseases within the gut but it may be also used for improving vaccine efficacy.
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine are the crucial endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. In this study we identified the source of extracellular adenosine in human B lymphoblasts, and evaluate the ATP release and metabolism. We observed that the B cells continuously released substantial quantities of ATP (35 pmol/106 cells) when subjected to slow motion in the incubation medium. The adenosine level in the B cell incubation medium was very low, and increased (5-fold) upon inhibition of adenosine deaminase activity with 10 µM of 2-deoxycoformycin (DCF). Inclusion of an inhibitor of equilibrate nucleoside transport (nitrobenzylthioinosine) in the incubation medium in the presence of DCF resulted in the elevation of adenosine level by 9-fold. Inhibition of ecto-ATPase activity with 100 µM of ARL67156 was associated with a 2-fold increase of the extracellular ATP level and a 3-fold decrease of adenosine concentration in the cell culture media. Inclusion of ,ß-methyleneadenosine 5'-diphosphate, a selective inhibitor of ecto-5'-nucleotidase in the incubation medium resulted in a significant decrease (7-fold) the adenosine concentration. In conclusion, our results indicate that ATP released from the B cell is the primary source of peripheral adenosine, and that the activities of ecto enzymes and the efficiency of Ado uptake through the nucleoside transporters determine the Ado level on the B cell surface.
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