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The main aim of the research was to determine a susceptibility of a dried sludge to a rehydration increase. The paper presents the results of investigations for a sludge which had been dried to ca. 86% of dry mass and stored in an airy place under roof during 2.5 years. As well, trials were carried out for a completely dried sludge (0% of water), stored outside under roof as well as inside in a laboratory room. To determine a maximum level of humidity increase, the results of re-hydration increase were presented for a sludge stored in conditions of capillary ascent. Additionally, a density, porosity and bulk density were determined for the investigated sludge.
Principles of contemporary theoretical description of a-helix formation by polypeptide chains in water solution are shortly presented and critically dis­cussed. The theory treats the unfolded state of a peptide as "random coil" — an ideal conformation quite distant from reality. We suggest that for this reason the helix propagation parameters of amino-acid residues, determined using series of model peptides with different sequential patterns, are not the same. Interpretation of the so called "nucleation parameter" is erroneous. In fact, it is not determined by the helix nucleation process but rather by a specific situation of residues at the helix N- and C-termini, and it strongly depends on solvation of their NH and CO groups, respectively. Consequently, helical seg­ments with terminal sequences dominated by residues with strongly hydropho­bic, bulky side chains can be very unstable. We postulate that an unexpectedly high stability of very short, pre-nucleated helices studied by us arises from a "helix end separation effect": separated helix termini are better solvated than when they overlap each other. Because of this effect, helix initiation may be much more difficult than predicted by the theoretical "helix nucleation parameters".
Samples of excess sludge from wastewater treatment plants were investigated in order to determine the dependence of rheological parameters of sewage sludge on lime addition. Hydration of the sludge is one of its main features which determine sludge management and waste disposal cost. The rheological behavior of sludge is a key characteristic, since it determines the treatment processes. This research has evaluated the use of rheological properties for characterization and control of sludge and lime mixture flow behaviour. A laboratory investigation was conducted using rotating coaxial cylinder and several different gravimetric oncentrations of the investigated sludge. In order to describe the rheological characteristics, the 3-parameter Herschel-Bulkley model was applied. Rheological characterization is of great importance in sludge management, both in terms of biomass dewatering and stabilizing properties, and in terms of design parameters for sludge handling operations.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate transepidermal water loss, skin hydration and skin pH in normal ponies. Sixteen ponies of both sexes were examined in the study. Measurements were taken from seven different sites: the neck region, the shoulder, thorax, lumbar, inguinal, lip region and the auricle. In each of the regions transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and skin pH were measured. For transepidermal water loss, the lowest values were observed in the lumbar region (9.71g/hm2), while the highest values were observed in the lip region (22.35 g/hm2). In the case of skin hydration the lowest values were observed for the thorax region (2.13 CU), and the highest for the lip region (41.81 CU). For skin pH, the lowest results were obtained in the lumbar region (6.93), and the highest in the lip region (7.96).
In this paper we report our preliminary studies on the hydration pattern of selected C-H groups in natural thymidyl(3'-5)thymidine and its RP and SP-methylphosphonate analogues using Molecular Dynamic simulations in aqueous solutions. The methyl groups attached to the phosphorus center (P-Me) in methylphosphonate analogues are hydrated by water molecules as efficiently as the hydrophilic P=O group in the natural dithymidine nucleotide and better than the neutral P=O functions in these compounds, although the nature of the hydration is different. The C5-Me centers of the 3'-yl units seem to be better hydrated in the methylphosphonate analogues than in the natural dithymidine phosphate and than other centers of the thymine basesin methylphosphonate analogues. Due to chirality of the phosphorus center, the C5-Me group of the 5'-yl unit in the SP diastereomer coordinates more water than that in the RP diastereomer. The C6-H group in the 5'-yl unit of the SP diastereomer exhibits a specific interaction with water.
Chemical nature, thermodynamic and kinetic properties of metal cations in aqueous solutions are de­scribed and discussed in terms of structural factors controlling physical properties of the systems. The structure of hydrated cations, reaction mechanism of water exchange on the cations, hydrolytic phenomena and acidity of the cations are presented. Correlations between coordination states of the salts in and bulk properties of the solutions are indicated. Elements of aquatic chemistry are presented.
The cytological differentiation of the dry papillate stigma in Triglochin maritimum L. (Juncaginaceae) was studied. The polyploidization process started soon after the formation of unicellular stigmatic papillae. Later, huge, long papillae with single enlarged nuclei constituted the receptive surface of the maturing stigma. The nuclear DNA content of the polyploid papillae and of telophasic (2C) and prophasic (4C) cells of the ovule was measured cytophotometrically after Feulgen staining. Analysis of nuclear DNA content measurements permitted the degrees of ploidy reached by the papillae to be established. Nuclei with DNA content corresponding to levels of 4C, 8C, 16C, 32C and 64C were found in the mature stigma. The most common were nuclei with DNA content of 16C (29%) and 32C (24%). The absence of mitoses, rhythmical enlargement of the DNA content of the nuclei as well as their characteristic endochromocenters, pointed to endoreduplication as the mechanism of polyploidization of the stigmatic papillae.
Seed swelling in the first phase of imbibition involves mainly development of seed colloids. Chemical affinity of such colloids to water differs depending on the surface properties of the macromolecules. The biopolymer surface could perturb the dynamic and static state of water. For this reason the structure and composition of seeds, especially proteins, starch, and lipid content, can control the course of the swelling process. The study presents the microscopic and macroscopic parameters describing the swelling pea seeds and triticale grains. Differences in corresponding parameters were observed. Measurements of water uptake rate in both species showed higher water uptake in triticale grains compared to that in pea seeds in the first step of the process but lower in the subsequent phase. The results of pulse 1 H-NMR measurements have revealed two groups of water protons, each in a different magnetic environment responsible for a different relaxation rate. These two groups correspond to water molecules differing in mobility, such as free and bound water, respectively. The difference in results obtained for triticale and pea are related to size, different permeability of seed envelopes, different mobility of seed water and chemical content mainly determined by starch. Its structure and physicochemical properties are also very important.
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