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The amounts of biogenic amines (putrescine, histamine, cadaverine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine), lactic acid, pH, and number of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, and coagulase producing Staphylococci were determined in healthy turkeys and in the fillets of turkey breasts with the signs of ascites and bursitis. The examination of the amines was performed by high performance liquid chromatography; the amount of lactic acid was determined by capillary isotachophoresis method; pH value and microbiological indicators - by standardised methods. All determinations were done after 24, 72, and 120 h after slaughter of the turkeys. The fillets of the breasts were stored in the refrigerator at 4°C. The significant differences in the total amounts of biogenic amines in carcasses of healthy turkeys and carcasses of turkeys with substantial lesions of bursitis and medium or substantial lesions of ascites were determined within 5 d after slaughter (P<0.00l). The amounts of biogenic amines in the breast fillets of turkeys with low lesions of ascites and bursitis were very similar to that of the control group during the whole period of maturation. The average amount of lactic acid throughout 5 d after slaughter increased only in the breast fillets of healthy turkey (maximum value was 1.032 mg/100 g) and insignificantly increased in the carcasses with low lesions of ascites and bursitis (maximum value was 0.983 mg/100 g). The results of investigation indicate the breast fillets of turkeys with medium and substantial lesions of ascites and substantial lesions of bursitis are not fit for human consumption. However, in the cases of low lesions of ascites and low and medium lesions of bursitis, the fillets are not fit for maturation, but could be thermally processed in the period of 24 h after slaughter.
Elaboration of an assessment method for plumbing materials contacting drinking water was the main purpose of this study. The investigation was conducted in 8 week cycles in dynamic conditions using a continuous flow reactor. Microbial growth was measured indirectly by a bioluminescence technique (ATP assay). Every week swabs from the surface of tested materials (polypropylene and different types of polyethylene), from the domestic market were collected and the level of bioluminescence was examined. The results obtained from the surface of tested materials were repeatable and clearly approximated those obtained from the surface of a negative control (stainless steel, low susceptibility for microbial growth). The level of bioluminescence (ATP) on the surface of positive control (paraffin, high susceptibility for microbial growth) was many times higher than that observed on other materials. The presented investigation was the main part of a validation process, which in short time will serve to initiate a complete assessment system for organic materials contacting drinking water.
DPPH radical scavenging activity for thirty medicinal plant infusions was investigated with a use of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. Infusions were prepared in similar way in which herbs or herbal teas are prepared directly for human consumption. Samples were obtained mostly from popular and easy available medicinal plants, used as single herbs or in herbal mixtures. The total flavonoid content for fifteen selected plants was measured using modified Christ-Müller method. The best DPPH radical scavenging activity (more than 50% of DPPH radical reduced in examined sample after 1 h) was obtained for Melissae folium (87%), Sambuci flos (81%), Ulmariae flos (79%), Hyperici herba (67%) and Arnicae anthodium (66%). Green tea confirmed to be strong DPPH scavenger among examined plants (65%). The highest flavonoid amounts were discovered for Ulmariae flos (1.5%), Hyperici herba (1.2%), Betulae folium (0.9%). There was no correlation between DPPH scavenging activity and the total content of flavonoids in examined plan material.
Snacks from whole pinto bean and field pea flours were produced by high temperature extrusion using Wenger TX-52 twin screw extruder. Seasonings were blended into the flours before extrusions. Flavouring of extruded snacks was accomplished by first applying a fine spray of Canola oil (10% of puffs weight), followed by coating them with cheese powder (15%). Shelf-life stability of extruded products showed very high microbiological quality after processing and during 6 months of storage. Also no significant changes in peroxide and acid values were noted for the same period of time. Storage time did not influence texture of the extrudates. Some improvement was observed in in vitro protein digestibility for some of the snacks made from field pea.
In order to ascertain water quality for human consumption, major and minor ions were evaluated in the drinking water supplied to the city of Yozgat and its surrounding villages in Turkey. Standard methods were used for determining of chemical and physical characteristics of the water samples. Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni and Mn contents of the drinking water samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration on Diaion HP-20 resin column. The data showed the variation of the investigated parameters in water samples as follows: pH 6.90-8.13, conductivity (EC) 57.3-694.5 usimens/cm, calcium 15-120 mg/1, magnesium 3-47 mg/1, chloride 11-77 mg/1, bicarbonate 180-701 mg/1, hardness 50-330 mg CaCO3 /I, total alkalinity 150-575 mg/1, Cu 0.17-1.19 μg/l, Fe 16.11-79.30 μg/l, Pb 0.18-0.99 μg/l and Mn 0.15-2.56 μg/l. Nickel concentrations in all the drinking water samples were below the detection limit. The concentrations of investigated parameters in the drinking water samples from Yozgat were within the permissible limits of the World Health Organization drinking water quality guidelines and the Water Pollution Control Regulation of the Turkish authorities.
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