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Time course of glucose binding by histone HI and total histones was followed in isolated histone preparations and in thymus nuclei. In both cases the uptake of glucose by HI was surprisingly high in contrast to a much lower uptake of glucose by total histones. DNA is not implicated in glycation of histones in nuclei.
Propofol can be potentially beneficial in oxidative stress related malignancies as neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic brain injury but its signalling pathways are poorly understood. In this study effect of propofol on astroglial signalling in oxidative stress was evaluated. Ten days old cultures of rat astroglial cells were treated for 1 hour with t-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) to induce oxidative stress following by 1 hour propofol. We measured cytotoxicity, changes in cell growth and apoptosis as well as alterations in expression and acetylation of chromatin core H3 and H4 histone proteins and changes in native and phosphorylated cAMP-response-element-binding protein (CREB). tBHP induced limited cytotoxicity, increased apoptosis, decreased glutamine synthetase and enolase activities, decreased nuclear CREB, CREB-P and histone proteins but unchanged cytosolic CREB and histone acetyltransferase (HDAC) expression. Propofol clearly protected the cells against tBPH-induced toxicity, normalized alterations in cell growth, restored to some extent glial enzyme activities and reduced apoptotic cell numbers. Also, propofol restored H3 but not H4 expression/activation, but was without effect on decreased nuclear CREB expression/activation. These data show that oxidative stress in cultured astroglia significantly affects nuclear CREB and histone proteins and point to the protective role of propofol.
The main aim of this study was to compare the reaction of quiescent and proliferating, i.e. phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to γ-radiation, and analyse changes of proteins related to repair of DNA damage and apoptosis, such as γH2A.X, p53, p53 phosphorylation at serines-15 and -392, and p21 and their dose dependence. Freshly isolated PBMCs in peripheral blood are predominantly quiescent, in G0phase, and with very low amounts of proteins p53 and p21. Using confocal microscopy we detected dose dependent (0.5–5 Gy) induction of foci containing γH2A.X (1 h after γ-ray exposure), which are formed around radiation-induced double strand breaks of DNA. Apoptosis was detected from 24 h after irradiation by the dose of 4 Gy onwards by Annexin V binding and lamin B cleavage. Seventy two hours after irradiation 70% of CD3+lymphocytes were A+. Neither increase in p53 nor its phosphorylation on serine-392 after irradiation was detected in these cells. However, massive increase in p21 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A) was detected after irradiation, which can be responsible for late occurrence of apoptosis in these quiescent cells. PHA-stimulation itself (72 h) caused an increase in early apoptosis (A+PI–) in comparison to non-stimulated PBMCs (38% A+resp. 13.4%). After PHA-stimulation also the amount of γH2A.X, p53, and p21 increased, but no phosphorylation of p53 on serine-392 or -15 was detected. Reaction to γ-radiation was different in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes: the p53 pathway was activated and p53 was phosphorylated on serines-15 and -392 4 h after irradiation by the dose of 4 Gy. Phosphorylation of p53 at serine-15 increased in a dose-dependent manner in the studied dose range 0.2–7.5 Gy. Also the amount of p21 increased after irradiation. Seventy two hours after irradiation of PHA-stimulated CD3+T lymphocytes by the dose of 4 Gy 65% of cells were A+.
The binding properties of the SPXK- and APXK-type peptides to the AT-rich DNA fragments of different length were studied by measuring the competition of peptides with Hoechst 33258 dye for DNA binding and by the gel shift assay analysis. In parallel to the experimental studies, molecular modeling techniques were used to analyze possible binding modes of the SPXZ and APXK motifs to the AT-rich DNA. The results of the competition measurements and gel shift assays suggest that serine at the i-1 position (i is proline) can be replaced by alanine without affecting the binding properties of the motif. Thus, the presence of the conserved serine in this motif in many DNA-binding proteins is probably not dictated by structural requirements. Based on the results of molecular modeling studies we propose that the binding mode of the SPXK- type motifs to the AT-rich DNA resembles closely that between the N-terminal arm of the homeodomain and DNA. This model confirms that serine in the SPXK motifs is not essential for the DNA binding. The model also indicates that if X in the motif is glutamic acid, this residue is probably protonated in the complex with DNA.
We describe a fast and very efficient method of purification which yields highly purified integration host factor-like proteins in one chromatografie step. IHF-like proteins from Acinetobacter junii or Proteus vulgaris are each an a£ heterodimer (subunits of 10 and 11 kDa) similar to the IHF of Escherichia coli when analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified IHF are able to bind to the same ihf sites as IHF of E. coli. The results presented confirm that IHF is conserved during evolution in gram-negative bacteria.
H3K4 trimethylation is strongly associated with active transcription. The deposition of this mark is catalyzed by SET-domain methyltransferases, which consist of a subcomplex containing WDR5, ASH2L, and RBBP5 (the WAR subcomplex); a catalytic SET-domain protein; and additional complexspecific subunits. The ERK MAPK pathway also plays an important role in gene regulation via phosphorylation of transcription factors, co-regulators, or histone modifier complexes. However, the potential interactions between these two pathways remain largely unexplored. We investigated their potential interplay in terms of the regulation of the immediate early gene (IEG) regulatory network. We found that depletion of components of the WAR subcomplex led to increased levels of unspliced transcripts of IEGs that did not necessarily reflect changes in their mature transcripts. This occurs in a manner independent from changes in the H3K4me3 levels at the promoter region. We focused on FOS and found that the depletion of WAR subcomplex components affected the efficiency of FOS transcript processing. Our findings show a new aspect of WAR subcomplex function in coordinating active transcription with efficient pre-mRNA processing.
DNMT inhibitors are promising new drugs for cancer therapies. In this study, we have observed the antileukemic action of two diverse DNMT inhibitors, the nucleoside agent zebularine and the non-nucleoside agent RG108, in human promyelocytic leukemia (PML) HL-60 cells. Zebularine but not RG108 caused dose- and time-dependent cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis. However, co-treatment with either drug at a non-toxic dose and all trans retinoic acid (RA) reinforced differentiation to granulocytes, while 24 or 48 h-pretreatment with zebularine or RG108 followed by RA alone or in the presence of HDAC inhibitors (sodium phenyl butyrate or BML-210) significantly accelerated and enhanced cell maturation to granulocytes. This occurs in parallel with the expression of a surface biomarker, CD11b, and early changes in histone H4 acetylation and histone H3K4me3 methylation. The application of both drugs to HL-60 cells in continuous or sequential fashion decreased DNMT1 expression, and induced E-cadherin promoter demethylation and reactivation at both the mRNA and the protein levels in association with the induction of granulocytic differentiation. The results confirmed the utility of zebularine and RG108 in combinations with RA and HDAC inhibitors to reinforce differentiation effects in promyelocytic leukemia.
The role of histone H1 in the regulation of flower growth and development and in microsporogenesis was investigated in previously obtained transgenic tobacco plants expressing the antisense histone H1 cDNA. These plants exhibited a characteristic male-sterility phenotype caused by altered proportions of the native histone H1 in chromatin. The type and frequency of chromosomal aberrations during male meiosis as well as the distortions affecting tetrad formation in transgenic plants are reported.
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