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1
Content available remote

Differences between properties of male and female motor units in the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle

100%
Celichowski J., Drzymala H.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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2006
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tom 57
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nr 1
Differences between motor units in hindlimb locomotor muscles of male and female Wistar rats were studied. The contractile and action potential properties of various types of motor units as well as proportions of these units in the medial gastrocnemius muscle were analyzed. Experiments were based on functional isolation and electrical stimulation of axons of single motor units. Composition of motor units was different for male and female subjects, with higher number of the fast fatigable and lower number of slow type units in male animals. The contraction and the half-relaxation times were significantly longer in male motor units, what might be due to differences in muscle size. Slower contraction of male motor units likely corresponds to lower firing rates of their motoneurons. On the other hand, no significant differences between sexes were observed with respect to force parameters of motor units (the twitch and the maximum tetanus forces), except the fast resistant units (higher force values in male muscles). The mass of the muscle was approximately 1.5 time bigger in male rats. However, the mean ratio of motor unit tetanus force to the muscle mass was almost twice smaller in this group, what indirectly suggests that muscles of male rats are composed of higher number of motor units. Finally, female muscles appeared to have higher fatigue resistance as the effect of higher proportion of resistant units (slow and fast resistant) and higher values of the fatigue index in respective motor unit types. The motor unit action potentials in female rats had slightly lower amplitudes and shorter time parameters although this difference was significant only for fast resistant units.
2

Morphological specializations of Cheiromeles (naked bulldog bats; Molossidae) and their possible role in quadrupedal locomotion

84%
Schutt,Jr. W. A., Simmons N. B.
Acta Chiropterologica
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2001
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tom 03
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nr 2
Two molossids, Cheiromeles torquatus and C. parvidens, display a number of morphological characteristics that appear unique among Chiroptera. In this study, adult specimens of both species (fluid-preserved and skeletons) were examined using a dissecting microscope and camera lucida. Several unique morphological features are described in detail for the first time with comments on their possible functions. These include a hallux (digit I) that is positioned at a right angle to digits II-V, a calcar that is bound to m. gastrocnemius, and a modified m. tensor plagiopatagii which appears to function like a drawstring to close a pair of subaxillary 'pouches'. The function of these structures and additional characteristics of the limbs appear related to terrestrial and arboreal locomotion exhibited by these bats.
3
Content available remote

The effect of vasoconstrictors on oxygen consumption in resting and contracting skeletal muscle of the autologous pump-perfused rat hindlimb

84%
Hoy A. J., Peoples G. E., McLennan P. L.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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2009
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tom 60
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nr 3
155-160
This study used a novel in vivo model to test the hypothesis that nutritive and non-nutritive blood flow distribution can still be observed under conditions of high vascular tone and oxygen delivery at rest and in metabolically active (twitch contracting) skeletal muscle. Experiments were performed in a constant flow autologous pump-perfused hindlimb in anaesthetised male Wistar rats. Agonists were tested at rest with a flow rate of 1ml•min-1, and during hindlimb muscle twitch contractions (sciatic nerve stimulation: 6V, 1Hz, 0.05ms, 3min) at a flow rate of 2ml•min-1. Oxygen consumption was determined from hindlimb venous and arterial blood samples. Resting perfusion pressure at 1ml•min-1 was 92±3 mmHg (N=15) and oxygen consumption was 0.41±0.05 µmol•min-1•g-1. Serotonin increased perfusion pressure and significantly decreased basal hindlimb oxygen consumption at rest. During acute muscle contraction this effect on oxygen consumption was diminished. Noradrenaline significantly increased perfusion pressure but had no significant effect on basal hindlimb oxygen consumption. Vasoconstriction that impacts upon muscle metabolism occurs in vivo, which potentially could be due to selective redistribution of blood flow. However, during muscle contraction local release of vasodilatory regulation can overcome exogenously-induced vasoconstriction. These results support the hypothesis that dual vascular pathways may explain differential vasoconstriction and how it impacts upon muscle metabolism.
4
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The time-dependent alteration of anti-diuretic hormone system in hindlimb unloaded rats

84%
Chung S. Y., Kim S. K., Hong C. W., Oh K. W., Kim K. T., Sul J. G., Chung J. W., Kwon M. S.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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2012
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tom 63
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nr 1
5

Hindlimb swing, stance and step relationships during unrestrained walking in cats with lateral funicular lesion

84%
Gorska T., Majczynski H., Bem T., Zmyslowski W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1993
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tom 53
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nr 1
6

Bilateral projection of neurones of the C6 segment to S1 and S2 segments of the spinal cord in the cat

84%
Krutki P.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1997
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tom 57
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nr 1
7

Effect of hind limb conformation on claw disorders in dairy primiparous cows

67%
Olechnowicz J., Jaskowski J., Nowak W.
Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Puławy
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2010
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tom 54
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nr 3
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of hind limb conformation on claw disorders and locomotion in primiparous cows. The cows, housed in tie stalls (n=68) and in free stalls (n=74), calved throughout the year 2008. Rear legs set rear view, rear legs set side view, and foot angle scores were given in a scale from 1 to 9. Locomotion scores were defined in a scale from 1 to 5. Cows with healthy hooves had straight rear legs in rear view and lower scores for rear legs side view than cows with hoof disorders in hind limbs.
8
Content available remote

The content of myosin heavy chains in hindlimb muscles of female and male rats

67%
Drzymala-Celichowska H., Karolczak J., Redowicz M. J., Bukowska D.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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2012
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tom 63
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nr 2
9

The age dependent effect of partial denervation of rat fast muscles on their activity

67%
Tyc F., Slawinska U., Vrbova G.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1999
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tom 59
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nr 2
10
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The hind limb skeleton and cursorial adaptations of the Plio-Pleistocene rabbit Hypolagus beremendensis

67%
Fostowicz-Frelik L.
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
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2007
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tom 52
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nr 3
Hypolagus beremendensis, a representative of the Archaeolaginae, was one of the most abundant and widespread leporids in the Plio−Pleistocene of Europe. The vast accumulations of skeletal remains from the Polish Pliocene sites (Węże 1, Rębielice Królewskie 1 and 2, and Kadzielnia 1) yielded thousands of bones representing almost all skeletal regions. The detailed hind limb morphology of Hypolagus beremendensisis presented in comparison with five extant leporids (Lepus europaeus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Pentalagus furnessi, Sylvilagus floridanus, and S. brasiliensis), which represent a wide range of locomotor adaptations. The UPGMA analysis of 98 metric characters places Hypolagus beremendensis next to the leporine rabbits. Hypolagus beremendensis has the os coxae, femur, and talus most similar to P. furnessi, tibia and calcaneus to the leporine rabbits, and the structure of foot to Lepus. The elongation of the foot and tibiofibular segment in relation to the femur indicates an advanced cursorial adaptation and a relatively steep jump. The similarities in the proximal segments (os coxae and femur) between Hypolagus and Pentalagus highlight the conservative morphology of this region in the Leporidae.
11

Hindlimb muscle activity during unrestrained walking in cats with lesions of the lateral funiculi

67%
Zmyslowski W., Gorska T., Majczynski H., Bem T.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1993
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tom 53
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nr 1
12
Content available remote

Ischemic preconditioning of the hindlimb or kidney does not attenuate the severity of acute ischemia-reperfusion-induced pancreatitis in rats

67%
Warzecha Z., Dembinski A., Ceranowicz P., Cieszkowski J., Konturek S. J., Dembinski M., Kusnierz-Cabala B., Tomaszewska R., Pawlik W. W.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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2008
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tom 59
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nr 2
Ischemic preconditioning of several organs, including the pancreas has been shown to protect these organs from injury evoked by subsequent exposure to severe ischemia followed by reperfusion. Moreover, it has been shown that ischemic preconditioning of distant organs such as the kidney, intestine or limb may protect the heart as effectively as cardiac preconditioning itself. This study was designed to determine whether ischemic preconditioning of the kidney or hindlimb protects the pancreas against ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatitis. Methods: In male Wistar rats, remote ischemic preconditioning of the pancreas was performed by clamping of right femoral or renal artery twice for 5 min with 5 min interval. Direct ischemic preconditioning was performed by clamping of celiac artery. Thirty min after ischemic preconditioning or sham-operation, acute pancreatitis was induced by clamping of inferior splenic artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion. After 6, 12 h or 1, 2, 3, 5 or 9 days of reperfusion the experiment was ended. Secretory studies were performed 2 h after exposure to direct or remote ischemic preconditioning of the pancreas in conscious rats with chronic pancreatic fistula. Results: Direct ischemic preconditioning of the pancreas applied alone reduced pancreatic exocrine secretion; whereas ischemic preconditioning of the hindlimb or kidney was without effect on pancreatic secretion. Direct ischemic preconditioning of the pancreas attenuated the severity of acute pancreatitis. It was found as a reduction in the pancreatitis-evoked increase in serum activity of lipase and amylase, a decrease in serum concentration of pro-inflammatory interleukin-1ß, diminution of histological signs of pancreatic damage, as well as, an improvement of pancreatic blood flow and DNA synthesis. Remote ischemic preconditioning of the pancreas evoked by short-lasting ischemia of the hindlimb or kidney was without any protective effect in ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatitis. Moreover, this procedure led to a significant increase in serum activity of lipase and amylase, and enhanced the morphological signs of pancreatic damage. Conclusion: In contrast to direct ischemic preconditioning, remote ischemic preconditioning of the pancreas is without effect on pancreatic exocrine secretion and does not reduce the severity of ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatitis.
13

Branching neurones in the cervical spinal cord with axons that reach sacral segments and the lateral reticular nucleus. An electrophysiological study in the cat

67%
Krutki P., Grottel K., Mrowczynski W.
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis
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1999
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tom 59
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nr 4
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