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The effect of interferon (IFN) alpha on the establishment and maintenance of neuronal latency and viral reactivation is still not known. Using cell culture methods and sensitive RT-PCR methods, we show that the presence of antiserum to IFN alpha promotes the establishment of HSV-1 tr latent infection. We suggest that IFN alpha is an important tool not only for the control of productive but also latent HSV-1 infection.
A new 4D-QSAR approach has been considered. For all investigated molecules the 3D structural models have been created and the set of conformers (fourth dimension) have been used. Each conformer is represented as a system of different simplexes (tetratomic fragments of fixed structure, chirality and symmetry). The investigation of influence of molecular structure of macrocyclic pyridino- phanes, their analogues and certain other compounds on anticancer and antiviral (anti-influenza, antiherpes and antiadenovirus) activity has been carried out by means of the 4D-QSAR. Statistic characteristics for QSAR of PLS (partial least squares) models are satisfactory (R = 0.92-0.97; CVR = 0.63-0.83).
Manipulation of gene expression in developing or in mature central nervous systems (CNS) holds a promise for the resolution of many compelling neurobiological questions, including the feasibility of gene therapy to treat diseases of the brain. In this context, a number of viral vectors have been used in recent years to introduce and express genes into the CNS. This article discusses a gene transfer system based on the Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1). We describe here the use of non-replicating, non-toxic HSV-1 vector, 8117/43, in a series of studies carried in our joint program. This vector proves further the utility of HSV-1 as a delivery vehicle to a number of distinct sites within the CNS.
ICP4 is an important factor regulating the life cycle of HSV1. This conserved protein has several molecular functions, including activation of expression of viral late gene transcripts and inhibition of immediate early genes. Although ICP4 and its Alphaherpesvirinae homologs (eg.: IE62 of VZV) have been subjects of various molecular studies, a complete view of their molecular function is lacking. Here we present the results of fold recognition and molecular modelling of ICP4 functional domains. The performed state-of-the-art bioinformatic fold recognition analysis identified a dual helix-turn-helix motif as a binding module of repressor activities (so called region 2 domain). The mapping of distant homology identified that a segment responsible for activation of late gene promoters (region 4) exhibits folding of uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG), but seems to be a non-functional homolog of UDG. Potential implications of the results are discussed.
CNS gene transfer could provide new approaches to the modelling of neurodegenerative diseases and devising potential therapies. One such disorder is Parkinson’s disease (PD), in which dysfunction of several different metabolic processes has been implicated. Here we review the literature on gene transfer systems based on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and non-viral polyethyleneimine (PEI) and calcium phosphate nanoparticle methods. We also assess the usefulness of various CNS gene delivery methods and present some of our own data to exemplify such usefulness. Our data result from vectors stereotaxically introduced to the substantia nigra (SN) of adult rats and evaluated 1 week and/or 1 month post injection using histochemical methods to assess recombinant β-galactosidase enzyme activity. Gene transfer using PEI or calcium phosphate-mediated transfections was observed for both methods and PEI was comparable to that of HSV-1 amplicon. Our data show that the amplicon delivery was markedly increased when packaged with a helper virus and was similar to the expression profile achieved with a full-size replication-defective HSV-1 recombinant (8117/43). We also examine whether PEI or HSV-1 amplicon-mediated gene transfer could facilitate assessment of the biological effects induced by a dominant negative FGF receptor-1 mutant to model the reduced FGF signalling thought to occur in Parkinson’s disease.
The interaction of CD28 with one of the B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) is generally considered to be the most important co-stimulatory signal for T cell activation. Several lines of evidence suggest that dendritic cells (DC), the most potent antigen presenting cells known, play a role in the immunological control of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. The fact that CD86 is strongly up-regulated together with other co-stimulatory molecules during DC maturation suggests that it plays an important role in induction of immune response. To determine the effect of virulence on up-regulation of CD86, we stimulated population of spleen cells enriched in dendritic cells by HSV-1 strains characterised by different pathogenicity. We analysed cells, which express CD45 molecule. HSV-1 ts, earlier described as less virulent for mice, stimulated an increased expression of co-stimulatory molecule CD86 than wild strain did.
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