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Bioparameters of selected herb species were studied on five control (undamaged) and five bark beetles damaged parallel plots established in form of two vertical transects in the spruce ecosystems of Bielovodská valley (High Tatra Mts.). The most abundant life forms in the studied phytocoenoses were hemicryptophytes (65%), the least abundant geophytes (5%). According to significance of differences in the average length of shoots the sensitivity of herb species to different ecological conditions and calamitous changes of the spruce stands density is as follows: Homogyne alpina > Luzula sylvatica = Dryopteris dilatata > Oxalis acetosella. According to significance of differences in energy content the sensitivity of species was following: Luzula sylvatica > Oxalis acetosella > Dryopteris dilatata > Homogyne alpina > Vaccinium myrtillus. However, the mean values calculated for undamaged and for damaged plots were significantly different (P <0.05) only in the case of weight of Luzula sylvatica shoots.
In 2003-2004 studies aimed to compare nitrogen compounds levels in some species of spice herbs were carried out. Species chosen for the experiment were: tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.), hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), chervil (An- thriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm.), summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.), marjoram (Origanum majorana L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and leafy type parsley (Petroselinum hortense Hoffm. var.foliosum). In the fresh plant raw material content of total nitrogen, total protein, nitrates and nitrites was determined. Herb species had a significant influence on the amount of chemical compounds. Significantly higher content of total nitrogen and total protein was found in lemon balm and hyssop while the highest nitrate level - in hyssop. Among all spice herbs tested, the highest amount of nitrites was detected in chervil.
The objective of research was to verify, whether succesion of nudal beech forests affects energy, ash and Ct contents of top layers of cambisols and aboveground part of dominant herb species Dryopteris filix-mas. The forest stands, from the juvenile stemwood to the stand of primeval forest character, were located in Slovenské stredohorie Mts (Western Carpathians). It has been found out that the successional stages of beech stands significantly affected soil characteristics of the ecotope, in the case of Dryopteris filix-mas species significant difference was observed only for the energy content. Approximately 7.5% less energy was accumulated in humus subhorizons Oof of mature beech stands (110, 200 years) compared with the juvenile stemwoods. On the other hand, in Aoq horizons markedly more energy (by 35–66%) was accumulated in the soils of mature beech phytocoenoses. The influence of stand succession differentiated ash content in Aoq horizons too. Significant difference (7.6%) was found between 85 and 200-year-old beech stand. Within studied parameters only accumulation of Ct in top soil layers was not significantly affected by stand succession. The relation between energy and ash accumulation in top soil layers of studied beech stands showed significant correlations between the variables (P <0.01). Approximately 62% of energy variability in humus subhorizons Ool of the studied stands was affected by the ash content (lower was the ash content – higher was the energy content). In Aoq soil horizons this dependence was 50% (higher was the ash content – lower was the energy content).
To explore and describe the species richness patterns along altitudinal, high mountain gradients, two transects – northern exposure (YG) and southern exposure (TD) at Mt. Jiuding (1200–4200 m) in Western China (31º13’– 31º46’N, 103º29’–104º05’E) were selected. They differ from south to north in climate conditions and vegetation zonation, and each transect was sampled according to a uniform method. Every 200 m along the altitudinal gradient we set a sampling belt of 3000 m × 5 m to record the tree species, and 30 plots of 5 m × 5 m within every vegetation belt were used to investigate shrub and herb species. We compared the composition of plant species and calculated the coefficient of similarity between the two transects. A Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was used to describe the richness patterns. For the whole Mt. Jiuding, the richness at all three levels (species, genus and family) showed a monotonically decreasing pattern. As for the different growth forms, richness of the trees, shrubs and pteridophytes showed hump-shaped patterns; and herbs showed a slow decreasing pattern along the altitudinal gradients. In TD transect, the richness of species, genus and family also showed monotonically decreasing patterns; tree richness decreased with the increase of altitude; the shrub richness showed a humpshaped pattern; but pteridophytes and other herbs showed wave-like patterns. In YG transect, altitudinal gradient of richness at different taxonomic levels all showed hump-shaped patterns; and the species richness patterns for different growth forms peaked at middle attitude except for the graminoids and other herbs. The evolutionary history of the vegetation in Mt. Jiuding was quite consistent, and different richness patterns along altitudinal gradients might be resulted from different contemporary ecological conditions. Human disturbance and different range of altitudinal gradients were also important factors for different richness patterns between the two transects. In our study, species in different growth forms showed different altitudinal patterns, but those species with similar requirements to environmental conditions showed similar richness patterns along altitudinal gradients.
Plant succession (herb and tree species) in newly planted midfield shelterbelt (0.63 ha of area) was investigated during eight years. Changes of vegetation were found to be similar to the succession on abandoned fields. During first years simple plant communities, consisted by common and very common species, dominated by one species, like: Arthemisia absyntium and Chenopodium album, Conyza canadiensis or Apera spica-venti, substituted year by year. The number of species reached maximal value (48) three years after shelterbelt planting. Among all trees forming the shelterbelt the fastest growing were the species of early succession stages (having light seeds) like: poplar, birch, larch and pine. Those trees form the canopy layer already after four years of succession. That process increased the rate of succession to forest community. Maximum biomass of herb plants (347.84 g dry wt. m⁻²) was noted in fifth year of succession. Litter biomass increased during all study period. Corridor effect of shelterbelt for plants wasn’t evidenced. Introduction of the forest and clear-cutting species is relatively slow and proceeds from the forest adjacent to the shelterbelt.
Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area (Czech Republic) was chosen as the study area of heavy metal pollution (Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cd). Assessment of heavy metal concentration in the soil was performed at eleven sites along the water stream in the alluvial plain (Morava river) and compared with concentration in selected plant tissues. Heavy metal concentration in two plant species (Urtica dioica L., Taraxacum sp.) and soils were detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The correlation between heavy-metal concentrations in plant tissues (roots, leaves, stems) and in soils was tested and the ability of plants for heavy-metals indication in the alluvial plain landscape ecosystem was observed. Differences in correlation and ability to accumulate heavy metals were found not only between species and heavy metals but also among various plant tissues. Taraxacum sp. as a whole closely followed concentration of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd and seems to be much more suitable as bioindicator than Urtica dioica L. Nevertheless, there are plant parts of both species with better response to adequate metal. Some plant tissues of both species provide ambiguous results, which was discussed in terms of living forms, growth strategy and genotypic differences.
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