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The plant material was collected on 34 individuals growing in the Dendrological Garden of Poznań University of Life Sciences (52°25'32,95" N 16°53'39,83" E) and Botanical Garden of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (52°25'11,70" N 16°52'55,07" E). The species for this study originated from Europe, Asia Minor, central and eastern Asia and North America and included: Abies alba, Abies cephalonica, Abies cilicica, Abies equi−trojani, Abies sibirica, Abies koreana, Abies pinsapo, Abies ×insignis, Abies bornmulleriana, Abies homolepsis, Abies holophylla, Abies grandis, Abies concolor, Abies concolor var. violacea, Abies concolor var. lowiana, Abies nordmanniana, Abies ×arnoldiana, Abies nephrolepis and Abies balsamea. The aim of this study was to define the species haplotypes (the length of allele) on the basis of nad5−4 mitochondrial DNA marker detected by capillary electrophoresis. This marker has been suggested as an easy−to−use tool to distinguish species of the Abies genus and it could be species−specific. Seven different haplotypes were identified. The first one appears in the species from Europe, Asia and North America. The second one was detected in firs from Europe and Asia Minor. A. cephalonica and A. sibirica were identified by the third haplotype, which occurs also in A. alba from the Balkan region. The fourth haplotype is characteristic for species from Asia and North America. The fifth and sixth haplotypes were identified in A. pinsapo and A. numidica. The seventh haplotype was detected only in A. holophylla. Applied marker is a very useful for verification of fir species especially allopatric species, less for parapatric ones. This marker is more helpful to exclude the species than to precisely identify them.
The aim of the study was to identify carriers of the mtDNA sequence related to the “mother’s curse” in the Polish population of the brown hare. Even slight mtDNA mutations inherited from mothers by their sons may diminish sperm cell motility by decreasing the synthesis of ATP and thus reduce the reproductive success of the species. In the literature this phenomenon is referred to as the “mother’s curse” effect. Muscle samples from 103 hares were collected from hunters in central, southern and eastern Poland. In order to identify hares with the “mother’s curse”, an mtDNA control region (CR) was selected, amplified according to (26), sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically along with sequences from the Genbank, using the PhyML program (9). Four animals were eliminated from mtDNA studies because of heteroplasmy. A tree consisting of 4 clades was generated. For the purpose of this study, the most important of them was the PW clade, which included 5 Polish hares (females) with sequences characteristic of the “mother’s curse”. This constitutes 5.05% of the population studied. The geographical origins of the hares with the “mother’s curse” were dispersed over almost the entire area under investigation. Two hares came from the Płock region, and the others from the Konin, Zamość and Nowy Sącz regions. A small fragment of the mtDNA sequence proved sufficient for the identification of an important functional effect of mutation in the mtDNA on the condition of an individual and the whole population. For the first time a screening method proved effective in the identification of hares with “mother’s curse” mtDNA mutations in a population of animals living in the wild. By then this had only been achieved in captive colonies. The identified group of female carriers, constituting 5.05% of the investigated sample, which persists in the population regardless of selection, may through their sons further compromise the effective size of a constantly decreasing and endangered population of the brown hare in Poland.
The article presents the means of Varroa destructor mite transmission as well as the host transfer from the Apis cerana to Apis mellifera bee. It presents a study on the genetic diversity of mites based on the variation of the cytochrome oxidase I (CO I) gene. The investigations resulted in establishing the latest taxonomy of the genus Varroa published in the article and consistent with the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The variation of the CO I gene facilitated determination of the haplotype types of mites occurring worldwide. The article describes the developmental cycle and biology of Varroa destructor mites and viruses transmitted by the mites, which pose a threat to bees and cause Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). The main methods of Varroa destructor mite control are presented.
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