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We investigated the occurrence of colour variations in the common hamster Cricetus cricetus (Linnaeus, 1758) between 1915 and 1980 in the north-eastern foot-hills of the Harz Mountains in Saxony-Anhalt. Material was collected by a professional hamster trapper. The most frequent colour variants were white hamsters followed by piebald and yellow animals. The occurrence of colour morphs was strongly male biased. Only one black hamster, probably an atypical melanistic form, was found in the entire sample of 73 657 hamsters. Overall the percentage of variant individuals was 0.0855%. The frequency decreased significantly over the observed period. Investigations during the 1990s in a neighbouring area showed no colour variation in a smaller sample set. A possible connection between the decline in hamster numbers during this period in the study area and the reduced frequency of colour morphs is discussed.
In anthropogenically disturbed habitats, natural barriers still exist and have to be recognized, as they are important for conservation measures. Areas of phylogeographic breaks within a species are often stabilized in inhospitable regions which act as natural barriers. An area of contact between phylogeographic lineages of the common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) was found in the Małopolska Upland in Poland. A total of 142 common hamsters were captured between 2005 and 2009. All hamsters were genotyped at 17 microsatellite loci and partial sequences of the mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region were obtained. No mixed populations with mtDNA haplotypes of both lineages were found. The distance between marginal populations was about 20 km; no hamsters were found in the area between. A principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on microsatellite data and the greatest change in PC1 scores was found between marginal samples. To define the habitat components responsible for the phylogeographic break, we compared the habitat composition of sites occupied by hamsters with those from which hamsters were absent. We found that hamsters avoided forested areas and sandy soils. The area of the potential barrier was characterized by a high proportion of woodland and unfavorable soils in comparison with neighboring areas inhabited by hamsters. They cannot settle in this area due to their high winter mortality in shallow burrows and high predation in the fields adjacent to forests.
The aim of our study was determine torpor use in the Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) tested in a wide gradient of ambient temperatures (Ta). Experiments were done on fed and food-deprived animals acclimated to winter-like and summer-like conditions. We found that neither fed nor unfed hamsters acclimated to winter-like or summer-like conditions selected low Ta's and entered torpor. Instead, food deprivation led to selection of higher Ta's and slight lowering of body temperature (Tb), especially during the rest-phase of the day. Our calculations show that this strategy may lead to higher energy savings than torpor would. We argue that torpor use is not a fixed strategy but is determined primarily by a thermal conditions available in the environment.
Background. The risk for public health posed by endocrine disruptors present in food is relatively new issue. Our current understanding of human exposure is mainly based on the residue analysis of selected compounds. With such approach potential, effects of mixtures, including so-far unidentified compounds are not taken into consideration. Therefore, the knowledge of overall hormonal activity in food samples is of big importance. Objective. Milk and dairy products are a rich source of estrogens but very rarely undergo testing for estrogenic activity. For this reason the rodent uterotrophic bioassay is one of the most useful tool. This preliminary study was conducted in immature hamsters to assess commercially available milk. The endpoint measured was uterine weight increase. Material and methods. Fifteen-day old females received ad libitum throughout 7 days commercially available milk i.e. raw goat’s, raw cow’s, processed 3.2% UHT, and for comparison soy milk. The animals of negative control group received water but positive control group got 17β - estradiol (E2) at the concentration of 100 ng/ml. Results. All samples of milk showed estrogenic activity as follow: goat’s >cow’s >soy >processed milk. Significant increase of uteri weights were recorded in goat’s (p<0.001) and cow’s milk (p<0.01). However, the activity was approximately 5-fold lower than induced by 17β-estradiol. The ratio uterine weight/body weight (%) in negative control was 0.096%, in milk experimental groups ranged from 0.112% to 0.153% and in positive control this value was 0.493%. Conclusion. The results suggest that commercially available milk has a weak uterotrophic activity. Further in vivo and in vitro studies are warranted to gain more insight into the estrogenic risk from milk and other dairy products.
The effects of exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) on the serum cortisol and triiodothyronine-thyroxin (T₃-T₄) levels in adult male Syrian hamsters were evaluated. Seventy two hamsters were used in three independent groups: 24 served as controls (without exposure to stress and EMF), 24 were exposed to a 900 MHz EMF for 10 d, and 24 were exposed to a 900 MHz EMF for 50 d. The exposures were performed 1 h/d to a 900 MHz EMF emitted by cellular phones. The levels of cortisol and T₃-T₄ were measured by using an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) method. The results revealed the cortisol values of the group, which was exposed to 900 MHz EMF for 50 d, were higher than those of the other groups (P<0.01). The levels of T₃ in the control group were higher than that of the long-term exposure group (P<0.01), and levels of T₄ in the 900 MHz EMF group for the long-term and short-term exposure groups, were higher than that of the control group (P <0.01). These results indicate that a 900 MHz EMF emitted by cellular phones, especially in the case of long-term exposure, increased the serum cortisol and T₄ levels and decreased the T₃ level, and suggest that it can destroy the endocrine system in general.
Blood from the glandular part of hamster gastric mucosa is drained by collecting venules, running from the subepithelial layer towards lamina muscularis mucosae. To visualise vessels involved in the venous outflow, hamsters were exposed to atropine and subjected to intravital ligation of portal vein, causing strong hyperaemia. Distribution of vessels and their connections were studied a) in translucent, flat preparations of the glandular stomach, b) in thick sections of glandular mucosa cleared in the mineral oil, and c) in semi-thin plastic or paraffin sections. Collecting venules were drained by single vessels running parallel to the lamina muscularis mucosae (paramuscular venules), which, in turn, joined submucosal veins through openings in muscularis mucosae. Moreover, some collecting and paramuscular venules discharged into venules belonging to vascular triples composed of two venules and arteriole. The triplets were also parallel to muscularis mucosae. Triplets did not form connections with submucosal veins but passed on the abluminal surface of muscularis mucosae. Thus, some structural elements involved in venous outflow from glandular gastric mucosa differ from those in rats, in which vascular triplets were absent and all collecting venules drained into single paramuscular vessels. Contraction/relaxation of muscularis mucosae may regulate the amount of blood present in the venous system of the mucosa and the diameter of venules. Rhythmical changes of the latter could cause changes in intramucosal pressure, affecting movement of tissue fluid in the mucosa and thus the function of gastric cells.
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