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Cutaneous mycoses are third among diseases after parasitic and infectious ones that pose problems for persons returning from the tropics. The paper presents semiotics of the following tropical superficial mycoses: tinea imbricata, infections with Scytalidium, tinea nigra. zakażenia grzybami Scylalidium, łupież czarny, black piedra. white piedra. Treatment, diagnostics and prophylaxis are discussed.
The aim of the research was to investigate the possibility of using oral medicines for the treatment of animals with skin mycoses. The administration of oral azole antifungal Itraconazole was conducted on guinea pigs. In the light microscopy investigation during treatment of guinea pigs with Itraconazole, mycelium were not observed 4 days after the time of the administration of the drug, both in the stratum corneum of the epidermis and in hair sheaths. Neither was mycelium confirmed in the subcutaneous layer. Only parakeratose, hyperkeratose was observed, as well as a small degree of akantose. The investigation with the use scanning microscope made it possible to additionally affirm the presence on the top of scraps of spherical forms the accumulations of drops of fat which is characteristic for azole antifungals. The administration of oral azole antifungal causes the rapid regression of pathological changes in the deep layers of the skin. Therapy of this type can be useful in veterinary medicine.
Dermatophytes have the ability to invade keratinized tissue (hair, nails and skin). The invasion elicits a host response ranging from mild to severe. Local anti-dermatophyte immunity includes activation of macrophages, sensitization of T lymphocytes and the production of antibodies. Dermatophytes are eliminated from the skin by a cell-mediated immune reaction. Although antibodies play a small part in dealing with dermatophytosis, they somehow support fagocytosis and suppress adhesion of the fungus to host cells. The development of cell-mediated immunity correlated with delayed hypersensitivity is associated with clinical cure. Dermatophytoses are considered as an important epidemiological problem. Therefore, all the latest efforts to develop an effective vaccine against ringworm are significant. However, the immunology of the dermatophyte infection still remains to be comprehensively examined.
16
63%
Over the years 1996-1997 mycological examination were performed in 367 persons with cutaneous lesions, returning from the tropics. Fungal infection was diagnosed in 141 patients. Twenty nine (42.65%) of the cases were of single-focal, 32 (47.06%) of bifocal and 7 (10.29%) of multifocal nature. One hundred forty one isolates included 50 (35.6%) moulds 23 (16.3%) yeast - like fungi and 68 (48.1%) dermatophytes. Genus classification of the dermatophytes was as follows: Microsporum - 16 (23.5%), Epidermophyton - 15 (22.1%), Trichophyton - 37 (54.4%). Over the years 1996-1997 the following dermatophyte species were isolated: M audouini, M. ferrugineum, M canis, T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes var. granulosum, T. tonsurans, T. violaceum, E. floccosum. Microsporum genus was isolated from persons returning from East, West and Central Africa, and from South Europe, Trichophyton genus was isolated from persons returning from Asia and South America.
The studies were carried out on 71 long-hair cats (mostly Persians), nine short-hair cats (mixed breeds) and 21 dogs of different breeds suspected of ringworm. The samples of epidermis and hair from long-hair cats enabled the isolation of fungi from 80.3 per cent of the animals. Usually M. canis was found (95 per cent) while only sporadically Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Scopulariopsis sp. Out of 13 samples taken from ears, in 6 cases M. canis was isolated, and M. canis together with Malassezia pa- chydermatis in 4 cases. Out of 4 samples from paws M. canis was isolated in 3 cases. In the group of short-hair cats M. canis was noted in 22 per cent of the animals and also in 42.9 per cent of the dogs. Dermatophytosis was found mostly in cats aged 1-6 months (92.1 per cent) and dogs up to 2 years of age (71 per cent). Along with the increase in the age of the animals, the rate of infection decreased. In addition, M. canis was also isolated from 7 owners of cats and owners’ families in which local lesions on the skin were observed.
Investigations were carried out on 32 foxes aged approximately 2 months. The comparative studies on an experimental infection with Microsporum canis and Trichophyton spp revealed that in foxes infected with M. canis distinctive signs of the disease occurred at about 3 weeks after inoculation of the fungus. In silver foxes they were better expressed and lasted for 2—3 months and cleared after 3—4 months from infection. In polar foxes ringworm was of a lesser course: Clinical signs cleared within 2 months. In foxes infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. granulosum the first clinical signs appeared as early as after 7 days, progressed to their maxima after 2—3 weeks and cleared at approximately 6 weeks. The administration of a vaccine Bovitrichovac II (inactivated T. verrucosum strain) proved to be ineffective in case of M. canis infection; in contrast it was effective in the treatment of foxes infected with T. mentagrophytes var. granulosum. Four different vaccines were used for prophylactic purposes: a) Bovitrichovac II, b) an inactivated combined vaccine containing T. verrucosum and T. mentagrophytes strains, c) two variants of inactivated vaccines comprising M. canis strains. Bovitrichovac II and the combined vaccine protected foxes from T. mentagrophytes var. granulosum infection but not from M. canis. In contrast, specific vaccines appeared to be of good immunogenicity as they protected the animals from infection with M. canis. The skin test performed on foxes vaccinated for prophylactic purpose with M. canis vaccines (both variants) showed a positive response after the administration of allergen made of a Trichophyton mentagrophytes strain. The results point to the presence of some common antigenic fractions among Microsporum and Trichophyton strains that are active and stimulate allergic reactions. However, they do not seem to play any role in the cross-immunity. The findings indicate that there are some prospects for elaborating specific immunoprophylaxis against M. canis infection of cats and dogs.
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