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The main aim of the study was to compare the radial growth of Persian walnut and Schrenk spruce trees growing under the same ecological conditions in the Sary-Chelek range of the Tien-Shan Mountains, as well as to analyse the response of these species to the selected climate factors in line with the altitude gradient. Four study plots were established at the altitude of 1350, 1400, 1450 and 1500 m a.s.l. Results indicated that (1) walnut and spruce in the Sary-Chelek Biosphere Reserve have different patterns of radial increment and reaction to climate factors, despite growing in the same habitat, (2) spruce radial growth responded to low precipitation and low temperature during the April to September period of the previous year; (3) walnut radial increment patterns varied significantly with changes in altitude, whereas spruce patterns did not; and (4) walnut radial increment patterns responded positively to high temperature during contemporary growing season and to precipitation during the prior growing season. In addition, it was noted that precipitation during the contemporary growing season could negatively influence growth.
The first osteohistological study focused exclusively on rhynchosaurs (non-archosauriform archosauromorphs), based on the hyperodapedontines Teyumbaita sulcognathus and Hyperodapedon sp., from the Upper Triassic of Southern Brazil, indicates a relatively rapid growth rate in early ontogeny shown by the fibrolamellar complex, with a change to slow intermittent growth during late ontogeny represented by parallel-fibred bone with several growth marks. Contrary to previous studies, which described a typical non-archosaur reptilian bone tissue pattern for rhynchosaurs, with growth marks extending across the entire cortex, we demonstrate that, in both studied taxa, the initial growth rate was faster in comparison to the later. This suggests that the ability of rapid growth at high rates was already present in basal non-ar-chosauriform archosauromorphs.
Growth pattern and lifestyle habits of the Triassic non−mammalian cynodont Trirachodon are deduced from bone histology and cross−sectional geometry. Several skeletal elements of Trirachodon were examined in order to document histological changes during ontogeny, as well as histovariability in the skeleton. The bone histology of all the elements consists of a moderately vascularized, periodically interrupted, fibro−lamellar bone tissue. This suggests that the overall growth of Trirachodon was probably rapid during the favourable season, but decreased or ceased during the unfavourable season. As the environment is thought to have been semi−arid with seasonal rainfall, it is possible that Trirachodon was sensitive to such environmental fluctuations. Some inter−elemental histovariability was noted where the number and prominence of growth rings varied. Limb bone cross−sectional geometry revealed a relatively thick bone wall and supports earlier proposals that Trirachodon was fossorial.
Background. African longfin tetra, Brycinus longipinnis Günther, 1864, an ornamental fish, commonly occurs in a number of African rivers. The aim of the present paper was to describe elements of ecology of this fish, not hitherto studied in the Niger River delta. Materials and Methods. The fish were sampled monthly in the Jamieson River (tributary of the Benin River, the Niger delta) during dry and wet season at four stations (1994-1995). Length, weight, sex, fecundity, and food records were collected. Methods (parameters and coefficients) used (calculated) in data processing include: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Fulton condition factor, gonadosomatic index. Results. B. longipinnis was a dominant characid (49.0%) in the Jamieson River. It occurred in all stretches of the river throughout the year with peak abundance during the rainy season. The length frequency distribution pattern was leptokurtotic and the growth pattern was allometric for the males and isometric for the females and immature specimens. Condition factor fluctuated with season and increased with individual length of fish irrespective of sex. K-values were significantly higher in males. B. longipinnis was a mesopredator and fed mainly on insects. Fecundity estimates ranged between 160 and 1130 and about 2.26% of its body weight was utilized in egg production. Breeding activities occurred throughout the year. Conclusion. The present study contributes important data on ecology of Brycinus longipinnis living in the particular habitat of the Jamieson River, Nigeria.
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