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The paper presents the research results of the productivity of miscanthus biomass over a three year period, evaluating the dependency between the quality of the rhizomes and growing conditions in western forest-steppe region of Ukraine. The optimal planting density and mass of rhizomes were studied and classified. Factors affecting the yield of dry matter miscanthus were also analyzed.
The research was carried out in 2002-2006 at the Crop-Growing Product Storage and Processing Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Lithuanian University of Agriculture Animal Husbandry Institute of Lithuanian Veterinary Academy. 15 amino acids were determined in the studied samples of potato tubers of 5 cultivars including 9 essential amino acids. Essential amino acids make up 38-45% of all the amino acids. In potato tubers, the dominating amino acids were leucine and valine, the lowest amount was of methionine and histidine. Dominating alterable amino acids were glutamic and aspartic acids. The latter were one of the most mobile during the storage period. During the whole period of storage, the lowest changes were observed in the following: lysine in cv. Goda tubers, histidine in cv. Nida tubers, methionine, histidine and isoleucine in potato tubers of the cv. Vaiva. Alterable amino acids, i.e. glycine, alanine and tyrosine, during the whole period of storage changed the least in the potato tubers of all cultivars. The decrease in the protein content during the storage period causes the increase in the tyrosine content. Tyrosine is not desirable in potato tubers due to the fact that it negatively affects the color of raw potato tubers. Under the increasing amount of tyrosine, potatoes darken faster. According to the data of our research, the amount of tyrosine in potato tubers of all cultivars was not significant. After carrying out the correlation analysis between the darkening of raw potato tubers and the amount of tyrosine, a weak correlation was determined (r = -0.4).
Storage conditions have a strong influence on the germination of seeds of Avena fatua L, especially at variable conditions, the germination decreased. Seeds stored at a constant low temperature maintained the germination capability for 5 years. Under greenhouse conditions, seeds matured and germinated more rapidly comparing to field conditions, but individuals from these seeds were weaker and produced fewer seeds. The higher temperature in the greenhouse accelerated the development and maturing of plants. Field emergence varied depending on seed storage conditions, sample, further reproduction, and weather conditions. It was observed that individual specimens of A. fatua were able to form ripe seeds with high thousand grain mass (TGM), regardless of the occurrence of fungal diseases. The knowledge of the biology of A. fatua is very important due to its status as a restricted weed in certified seed of crop plants.
Endive plants were hydroponically grown in greenhouse control conditions. The aim of this investigation was to assess the biological quality of endive cultivated in three different growing media. Organic media: coconut fiber and wood fiber, were compared to rockwool, commonly used as a standard horticultural medium in greenhouse vegetable production. Three crispum leaf endive cultivars: ‘Galanti’, ‘Perceval’ and ‘Barundi’ and one latifolium leaf cultivar (escarole chicory): ‘Kethel’ were examined during the spring time. At about 10 days before harvest the plants were covered with low tunnel made from double-sided black and white foil to bleach the leaves and at 5–7 days before the end of the experiment nutrient solution was replaced by water to reduce the nitrate concentration in the leaves of endive. The content of dry matter, ascorbic acid, total soluble solids (TSS), total sugars (TS), phenolic acids and nitrates (NO3), P, K and Ca was determined in leaves of both bleached and not bleached plants. Also the antioxidant activity was measured by two assays DPPH and FRAP. The effect of cultivation substrate, cultivar, and bleaching treatment on the quality of endive appeared diversed. The unbleached endive showed a higher content of dry mass, higher concentrations of sugars, TSS, potassium, and calcium than the bleached plants. The bleached plants had significantly lower fresh mass of plants (by 33% in average), but in turn were characterized by higher concentrations of phosphorus and polyphenolic acids. Plants cultivated on wood fiber contained the smallest amount of nitrates, comparing to plants grown either on rockwool or coconut fiber. None of the investigated plants contained more nitrates than the acceptable level of nitrates for lettuce grown under cover. The antioxidant activity of endive plants measured by FRAP method was higher in not bleached endive plants than in the bleached ones. The antioxidant impact of endive plants expressed as DPPH was not reduced in response to bleaching. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in plants of ‘Kethel’.
To tolerate harsh climatic conditions, olive tree Chetoui has developed some anatomic, physiologic and biochemical mechanisms. The aim of this study was to determine the indicators of stress in leaves, stems and roots growing under various climatic conditions. To protect against stress conditions this cultivar increased cuticle thickness, protective structures and building parenchyma tissues of leaves, woods and roots from the North to the South. The volatile compounds, extracted from northern and southern Chetoui leaves and roots, were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Great changes in volatiles were illustrated in the studied organs, by enrichment in phenolics and fatty acids for leaves and in hydrocarbons for roots of southern Chetoui. Also, a reduction in terpenes, alcohols and carbonylic compounds was noted in both southern samples. Moreover, minerals of all organs of Chetoui, varied in content and allocation, but their levels are the highest in leaves. The changes in volatiles might be affected by changes in the mineral elements uptake or accumulation under environment stress. A significant correlation was noted between phenolic compounds and sodium, nitrogen, and calcium contents. However, terpenoids was highly correlated with phosphorus content for all organs and studied areas. The detection of new volatiles, anatomical and mineral changes seem to be efficient indicators of adaptation of Chetoui to environment stress conditions.
Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. is a valuable bulbous ornamental plant grown in parks and gardens. It comes from the Iberian Peninsula, hence its cultivation under Polish conditions may be inefficient. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of growing conditions and foliar feeding using phosphorous fertilizer on the growth and decorative qualities of H. hispanica. It was found that the pine bark layer effectively protected the plants from freezing, which had a beneficial effect on their growth and flowering characteristics. Flowering of plants grown without the mulch was minimal, which clearly indicates that mulching of the soil under H. hispanica can be necessary. Plants grown using the mulch produced more and longer leaves, and also formed more inflorescences and fruits as well as longer inflorescence stems. The addition of peat to the soil did not favour the growth and decorative qualities of H. hispanica, while foliar nutrition with phosphorous had a positive effect. In addition, the decorative values of H. hispanica were influenced by the interaction of soil mulching with bark and foliar feeding. Plants grown in this combination had more inflorescences, which were higher, composed of more flowers in the inflorescence and reached a greater diameter than non-fertilized ones. Tested cultivars of H. hispanica differed in their features of growth and flowering.
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