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Alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) is often applied in recultivation of technogenous areas for its small seat requirements. It is so called the pioneer species. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the degree of microflora development under alder growing on a heap and on a sand mine excavation. Different groups of microbes as well as the kinetics of bacterial growth were determined. The development of microflora under alder growing on the sand mine excavation was poor but better than on the coal mine spoil.
Silicone (Si), a very abundant element in the Earth’s crust, is beneficial for plants, animals and humans. Despite its abundance in nature, it is often unavailable in sufficient quantities. Cucurbits are believed to accumulate elevated quantities of Si and benefit from Si fertilization. It is believed that higher Si content in cucumber plant is connected with increased yields as well as improved resistance to diseases and tolerance to abiotic stresses, for example drought. The beneficial effects of Si have been confirmed by the present study, in which cucumbers were grown in soil and in liquid nutrient solutions. The aim of the experiments has been to evaluate the effect of several silicates supplementing peatbased growing substrates on yield and Si content in growing media and in cucumber plants. For this purpose, pot experiments were carried out in an unheated greenhouse in 2005- 2007. Cucumber plants were cultivated in 12-liter containers filled with substrates amended with Na-, K-, Ca- and ammonium silicates at rates of 2 or 4 g per liter. The results indicated that slow-release Ca- and NH4-silicates contributed to increased yield and elevated Si content in cucumber leaves and fruits. The effect of the other silicates was not certain and, additionally, dependent on their concentrations. Water-soluble Na- and K-silicates caused increased Na or K concentration and raised pH of substrates. The results revealed that increased yields depended on the number of fruits rather than their average weight. The silicates of calcium and ammonium can be valuable, slow-release fertilizers in cucumber cultivation on organic (peat) substrates. Even in quantities as high as 4 g per liter of substrate, they did not cause drastic changes of the pH and salinity of growing media and were a good source of Si available to cucumber plants.
In the years 2000-2010, observations were made of shrubs of the varieties derived from the Pimpinellifolia (R. pimpinellifolia L.) gathered in the Collection of Rose Culti- vars of PAS Botanical Garden in Powsin, Poland. The nine observed varieties were 'Aïcha', 'Elegans', 'Frühlingsduft', 'Frühlingsgold', 'Frühlingsmorgen', 'Harison's Yel­low', 'Maigold', 'Poppius', and 'Stanwell Perpetual'. Every year, the following were recorded: frost damage; the date of bud breaking and the date when leaves developed in springtime; the date of the initial, complete and final flowering; the presence of symptoms of damage from disease and pests; the ability to create decorative fruit, and remarks concerning the necessity to perform spring cutting and cutting after flower­ing. The winter seasons of 2002/2003, 2005/2006 and 2009/2010 were unfavourable for the roses. The cultivars varied greatly according to the examined features. The advantages of many of the varieties include high frost resistance, early flowering, low requirements in terms of cutting, good condition; and the fact that some varieties create suckers ('Elegans', 'Harison's Yellow', 'Poppius', 'Stanwell Perpetual'). The varieties 'Aïcha', 'Elegans', 'Frühlingsduft', 'Frühlingsgold', 'Poppius', 'Stanwell Perpetual' are the most frost resistant. The least frost-resistant variety is 'Maigold'. The first to flower are 'Harison's Yellow', 'Frühlingsmorgen' and 'Poppius'. Varie­ties derived from Rosa pimpinellifolia can be widely used as park roses, as ground covers, and as soil protective roses ('Elegans', 'Harison's Yellow', 'Poppius', 'Stan­well Perpetual').
Vegetative experiments were carried out in the years 2002–2004 in two specialistic horticultural farms growing the most popular in Poland and in the Netherlands cultivars of anthurium (Anthurium cultorum Birdsey): ‘Baron’, ‘Choco’, ‘Midori’, ‘Pistache’, ‘President’ and ‘Tropical’. Plants were grown in expanded clay with the use of drop fertigation with standard nutrient for anthurium in inert substrates (in mg‧dm⁻³): N-NH₄ < 14.0, N-NO₃ 105.0, P 31.0, K 176.0, Ca 60.0, Mg 24.0, S-SO₄ 48.0, Fe 0.840, Mn 0.160, Zn 0.200, B 0.220, Cu 0.032, Mo 0.048, pH 5.5–5.7, EC 1.5 – 1,8 mS‧cm⁻¹. Subject of studies was the differentiation of microelement content in drainage waters driped from the substrate in relation to the supplied nutrient. Manganese was the nutrient wich was most intensely decreased (by –65.5%), followed by iron (by –51.9%) and zinc (by –45.2%). On the other hand, an increase was found in copper (by +11.1%) and in boron (by +16.6%). The recognition of changes in the contents of nutritive components in the drainage waters is a basis for the elaboration and implementation into the horticultural practice of closed fertigation systems with nutrient recirculation.
A study was carried out on the leaf abscission zone from birch trees growing on polluted sites (two) and a non-polluted site (one). Samples for anatomical investigation were collected from six trees on each site, during three succeeding vegetation seasons. It was observed that in trees growing at the polluted sites: 1) maturation of the abscission zone was faster, 2) the protective layer was thinner and 3) the formation of leaf scar periderm was delayed in comparison with trees from the non-polluted site. The results obtained suggest that environmental pollution influences the formation of the abscission zone and the protection of the leaf scar.
Protective role of mycorrhizal fungus for plants against contamination with heavy metals makes a possibility to use fungi inocula for recultivation areas devastated by industry. Use of mycorrhizal symbiont for improving the living conditions of trees requires unambiguous identification of fungi that are able to form successful mycorrhizae in contaminated areas. We took up studies on identification of fungal species, which create mycorrhizal symbiosis with roots of birch growing on metallurgic heap. The identification of fungi collected directly from roots was performed by comparing patterns of restriction fragments of the fungal ITS products with DNA pattern obtained from fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes fungi growing in the study area.
While each individual root responds to such environmental factors as light or gravity the question arises how these reactions subordinate to the whole root system, which is supposed to maintain its primary functions. Data presented here confirm that in cucumber the gravity and light modulate the growth direction of the lateral roots subunits of the system. Another important factor affecting behavior of lateral roots is an orientation of the main root. These facts all together suggest that the root system functions as an integrated entity, capable of adapting its architecture to changing environmental conditions. Its flexibility, based on unknown signaling network, guarantees optimal functioning of the system.
The paper assesses the growth of nine seed stands of Picea abies (L.) Karst. of Istebna. The stands were selected on the basis of the dynamic height growth and good adaptation of their progeny under different site conditions. The d.b.h. increment of trees during the entire lifespan of stands is analysed in detail, especially its magnitude and dynamics during the last twenty years, i.e. from 1982 to 2001.
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