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National accounts and utilization of GDP by macro-economic decision-making was in the twentieth century one of the greatest inventions. The evolution of the methodology of GDP surrenders economic concepts to political goals. GDP ceases to reliably measure the economy, but rather presents the created image, with better relation of budget deficit and public debt. It provides higher contributions to international organizations which are calculated as a percentage of GDP. Such creative national accounts cannot be the basis for effective economic policy of the country. How to explain the growth of GDP, with a simultaneous increase in unemployment, increase in rates of poverty, with higher expenditures on social assistance, and higher rate of public and private indebtedness. But such a picture of Polish economy is seen in statistical data for the last six years. This article attempts to explain the lack of any correlation of GDP growth and a lack of decline in the unemployment rate in Poland.
The aim of this paper is to assess the level of economic development and foreign relations of the countries forming the economic group Mercosur. Numerous economic indicators are used for the purpose of research and international comparisons. Most important are gross domestic product (GDP), national income, unemployment rate, inflation rate, foreign trade’s and investments’ share in GDP. Other measures, which are based on GDP, may be used for economic growth assessment. These are for example economy internationalization, activity level, openness and dependence and international competitiveness. After a brief introduction to the subject, the manner of calculating the indicators that are used for such an assessment more rarely is described. Then the indicators calculated for the current Mercosur member states are analysed.
Subject and purpose of work: The subject of this analysis and evaluation is the use of renewable energy sources in Poland, particularly in the Lubelskie Voivodeship, as a peripheral region. The purpose of this paper is to identify the role and evaluate the scale and effects of using renewable energy sources (RES), as well as the availability and absorption of financial resources for RES promotion. Materials and methods: The data were obtained from the Office of the Ruda-Huta Commune, the Regional Operational Programme Department of the Marshal Office of the Lubelskie Voivodeship in Lublin and the Department of European Funds of the Ministry of Energy, as well as Statistics Poland (GUS) and the literature on the subject. Results: In Poland the proportion of energy from renewable sources to the total primary energy generated increased in 2012-2018 from 11.73% to 14.46%. A new phenomenon, which has been highly significant for the development of this sector, is the use of innovative, small-scale technologies of energy generation from renewable sources, which created the foundations for the growth of a citizens’ energy sector, based on the initiative of the citizens and their communities. The use of RES contributes to reduced expenditures on the purchase of energy carriers and constitutes an effective method of implementing plans for developing a low-carbon economy and reducing low-stack emissions. Conclusions: The continuing disparities between the regions point to the need for active structural intervention to maintain economic, social and territorial cohesion, particularly in areas which are considered peripheral and have a very low GDP per capita. One of the preferred directions should be to support the use of RES.
Subject and purpose of work: The article presents the results of research into the dynamics of changes in income distribution as measured by means of GDP per capita for the regions Bulgaria and Slovakia using quantitative methods. Materials and methods: The transition matrix was used as a research tool. As some authors note, since most of the research is limited to the assessment and analysis of global trends, this does not allow to distinguish the situation in which regions maintain their relative position from the situations in which the general distribution of income changes slightly while the location of some regions changes significantly. In this case, individual regions may differ considerably in their rate of development even in the periods when no convergence was observed. Results: The approach adopted in this study made it possible to verify the degree of diversification of the economic strength of the regions examined and conduct a comparative analysis of the dynamics of changes in the transition matrices.Conclusions: It was concluded that the regions of Slovakia and Bulgaria are developing at the same pace. Income stability can be observed. It is justifiable to look for and workout modern tools that will enable tracking changes in regional development.
The role of the agriculture within the frame of the enlarged EU is analysed in this paper. There is a requirement to perceive the tendency towards the downgrading of the status of the agriculture in the national economy of the EU countries with the respect of the differences in the importance of the agriculture mainly in the countries that are the new EU members. The role of the agriculture is characterised by the following indices: share of the agriculture employees in the total employment, share of the added value of the agriculture in the GDP, and index of the value added per one agriculture worker. These indices are the base for the construction of the "index of economic importance of the agriculture" which are the countries ranged by. A multidimensional classification of the countries was realised by the cluster analysis that divided the countries into three clusters accordingly to their similarity with regards to the importance of their agriculture in their national economy.
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The goal of the research was to present the role of investing in the agribusiness value chain as a factor impacting the change in the share of agriculture in GDP and, secondly, to show the dependencies between the share of the agricultural sector in GDP and the level of GDP per capita. In the article the authors drew attention to a potentially conflicting issue connected with the development of agriculture. On the one hand, investment in agribusiness and the rural sector contributes to the development of rural areas; on the other hand, countries with a large share of the agricultural sector in GDP have a much lower GDP per capita than countries with a low share of the agricultural sector in GDP. Therefore, it seems significant not to make investments only but to place them properly in the appropriate links of the agribusiness value chain. It could be better not to invest directly in agricultural areas, but in other agribusiness stages, decreasing the share of the agricultural sector in GDP. Increasing the share of the services and manufacturing sectors, which are directly or indirectly related to the agricultural sector can contribute to the decline in the share of agriculture in GDP. These changes can be made by re-training of persons connected with agriculture and searching for jobs for them in large urban areas or by enabling such persons to create jobs in the agriculture-related sector or by establishing non-agricultural companies in rural areas
Subject and purpose of work: The objective of this work was to identify the factors which determine the social and economic development, present the disproportions in the development of regions, show the relations between the level of the economy and the pace of development of regions, and to determine the growth poles. Materials and methods: The spatial scope of the research covered 16 voivodeships and the time range included years 2005 and 2013. The sources of materials constituted: home and foreign literature, GUS (Central Statistical Office) data. The Pearson correlation coefficient and descriptive, tabular, graphic, index methods were used to analyse and present data. Results: The conducted research showed that there is a big disproportion between the regions. The increase in disparities is visible, among other things, concerning the unemployment level and percentage of people who work in the services’ sector. The voivodeships with the best economic situation and the highest level of factors determining the development were the growth poles. These voivodeships include definitely the Mazowieckie Voivodeship, then Śląskie, Wielkopolskie and Małopolskie Voivodeships. Conclusions: It has been confirmed that there is a correlation between the economic situation and the pace of development of regions. The calculated correlation coefficients allowed to assess that with regards to most of the features determining the regional development, there occurred moderate or strong significant dependency with the economic situation of the region.
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