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Background. Despite the known benefits of physical activity for children, inactivity levels remain high in Europe. Schools are considered ideal settings for promoting physical activity. Nonetheless, they often fail to achieve their full potential in increasing the levels of exercise among students. This study aimed to examine the current evidence regarding physical activity promotion in the European Union school context, and to understand how key scientific evidence and World Health Organization (WHO) guidance are used. Material and methods. Representatives of all 28 European Union Member States were asked to complete a survey to understand their national school-based physical activity practices. Results. Responses from 22 countries were received. Of all the initiatives, most included fostering of positive attitudes to physical activity or health, while a few incorporated genderbased considerations in their design. Lastly, intersectoral collaboration in the creation of the physical education curricula is yet to be fully integrated among European Union Member States. Conclusions. There is a substantial focus on physical activity promotion in schools across the European Union, although the school context could be utilized to a greater degree. In general, further efforts in this area are required in order to have a stronger positive effect on physical activity levels in European Union children.
Subject and purpose of work: The subject of the work was intra- and intersectoral cooperation between local governments for the development of tourism. The aim of the work was to evaluate the activity of local governments natural valuable areas of Lublin Province in undertaking co-operation in tourism. Materials and methods: The accomplishment of the objective was supported by the analysis of the literature of the subject and the results of the research carried out in 2013. The area of the study was composed of 30 municipalities of the highest ecological value group in Lublin Province. A diagnostic survey method was applied, with the use of an interview questionnaire which was addressed to village and town mayors. The additional source of information consisted of the web pages of municipal offices, organizations, which belonged to the surveyed local governments and statutes of these organizations. Results: It was shown that local governments within natural valuable areas did not sufficiently exploit diagonal co-operation in stimulating tourism development. The measures aimed at supporting tourism were characterized by lack of comprehensiveness. Only about one third of self-governments undertook comprehensive measures using forms of intrasectoral and intersectoral cooperation. Conclusions: Further development and intensification of diagonal cooperation is postulated, as well as promotion of good practices.
An aim of the article is to assess the state of regulation of the relations between business partners in the FMCG distribution channels and an attempt to answer the question whether it is possible to work out in the EU countries a compromise among the supply chain participants, i.e. a joint adoption of good practices and abstention from improper actions or rather there will be necessary to introduce a uniform, restrictive legal act. The scope of analysis covered the relations between sales networks and FMCG suppliers. The article was prepared on the basis of the literature on relations between enterprises in distribution channels as well as materials of the European Economic and Social Committee; EESC. The description and analysis of the phenomena and processes occurring in relations between entities of the FMCG supply chain comprised irregularities occurring in the contacts between goods deliverers and commercial enterprises as well as the existing and proposed in this respect solutions. As important there is considered the information and education aspect of this article.
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Food safety is the most significant issue for any entity that operates in the food chain; it is also a prerequisite for entering the market and, in most of the countries, it is guaranteed by law. Advanced solutions in medicine, food science, technology and production processes, implementing the HACCP system and good practices are very useful, though they are not able to prevent food safety hazards, in particular the human factor-dependent risks. Such factors as inappropriate behaviour of employees, failure to follow set practices, procedures, norms or values are deemed to be proof of lacking food safety culture. The objective of the article is to present a methodology to measure and assess food safety culture and to explain it using the example of two medium- sized food manufacturing companies in Poland. The methodology applied includes 15 aspects of food safety culture that were categorized into 6 elements. That methodology made it possible to identify both the level of particular elements of food safety culture and the its overall level that was rated as excelling on the basis of the survey performed. The methodology at issue can be recommended for applications by other organizations in the food industry.
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