Natural sweeteners occuring in plants are substances which are alternative to sucrose, which is commonly known as a table sugar. They evoke less side-effects and usually they are less caloric than sugar. From the chemical point of view, they are polyols (sugar alcohols), flavonoid glycosides and peptides as well as diterperpenoid and triterpenoid glycosides. The degree of sweetness of the above mentioned sweet products, in comparison to sucruse which sweetness is established as 1 by agreement, e.g.: glycyrrhizin 50-100, stevioside 300, neohesperidin 2000, thaumatin 3000. Natural sweeteners are marked with a block letter E which is followed by a number, for example: mannitol (E 421), sorbitol (E 420).These symbols are the same in Poland as well as in all Europan Union countries. Currently sweeteners which are present on the Polish market were approved by the Ministry of Health in a decree from December 27, 2000 (Dz. U. from February 2, 2001, No.9/72; with further changes), which is in accordance with UE regulations. Obtaining natural sweeteners is very important for diabetic therapy. Isolating them by using traditional methods is usually not profitable enough and require a large amount of plant material. If this is the case, the methods of genetic engineering seem to be a better solution to this problem. It is possible to add genes responsible for producing sweetener to plants which originally do not contain them. By changing genetic material of some plants, it is also possible to increase the production of a sweetener.
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