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The field vole (Microtus agrestis) is characterised by extremely large blocks of heterochromatin on both the X and Y chromosome. Some other Microtus also have blocks of heterochromatin on their sex chromosomes but not as extensive and always of independent origin from the heterochromatic expansion found in M. agrestis. Coupled with evidence of geographic variation in large heterochromatic blocks within other species (e.g. in the western hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus), it might be expected that field voles would show substantial variation in size and disposition of the sex chromosome heterochromatin. In fact, only minor variation has been described up to now. Those studies conducted previously were largely on field voles from central and northern Europe. Here, we describe the karyotype of field voles from Portugal, of interest because recent molecular studies have shown field voles from western Iberia to be a separate evolutionary unit that might be considered a cryptic species, distinct from populations further to the east. The two Portuguese field voles (one female, one male) that we examined also had essentially the same karyotype as seen in other field voles, including the giant sex chromosomes, but with small differences in the structure of the Y chromosome from that described previously. The finding that field voles throughout Europe show relatively little variation in their giant sex chromosomes is consistent with molecular data which suggest a recent origin for this complex of species/near-species.
Rediae and immature cercariae of the giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, a pathogenic and important parasite of game animals, were found in 6 out of 7,277 Radix peregra (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae) from two localities in Western and Central Bohemia, Czech Republic. In one of these localities a relatively high infection of Galba truncatula (26 out of 76) with mature cercariae of F. magna was detected. R. peregra, which is dominant over Galba truncatula, has never been reported as the natural intermediate host of F. magna. Its potential susceptibility to F. magna infection was confirmed experimentally with 67 snails of R. peregra (out of 371) infected. The present data indicate the capability of F. magna to expand the spectrum of its intermediate hosts and demonstrate the potential epizootiological importance of lymnaeid snails, other than G. truncatula, for transmission of the parasite in Europe.
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