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We examined the variation in the date of the onset of egg laying and clutch size in three peripheral populations of the Afrocanarian Blue Tits Cyanistes teneriffae ultramarinus at the edge of the species and subspecies geographic range. This study was carried out in three study sites, 130–290 km apart, in similar geographic conditions of the South Border Range of the Saharan Atlas in Algeria. Mean altitudes of nesting territories were between 1327 and 1437 m a.s.l. Habitats of the study sites were covered by the secondary, human-modified vegetation, ranging from a maquis shrubland, with the Holm oak Quercus ilex shrubs to woodlands dominated by the Atlas cedar Cedrus atlantica or by the Aleppo pine Pinus halepensis. 169 wooden nest-boxes were monitored for breeding parameters (laying dates and clutch sizes) during the breeding seasons 2007–2009 and 2011–2013. The timing of egg laying was relatively late for the latitude of the study sites, with overall mean laying dates varying between the study sites from 4 to 13 May. The laying date was influenced by the altitude of nesting sites, with the dates being delayed with increasing altitude. Overall mean clutch size differed between the study sites from 5.91 at Djelfa to 8.43 at Aflou. Clutch size tended to decrease with the advance of the breeding season. Because the study populations inhabit areas of similar physical conditions (climate and altitude), the main inter-population source of variation in the breeding parameters studied was probably variation in habitat quality.
The paper shows the influence of geographical conditions on soil chemical properties along the southern coast of Bellsund in Spitsbergen. Soils of the western part of the Bellsund Coast, situated closer to the ocean, have been affected by more favourable climatic conditions (mainly humidity) compared with the soils of the eastern part. This is reflected by a more intense plant cover in the western part. The soils situated to the west of Kapp Lyell show an almost twice higher humus content, a higher content of mobile fulvic acids and a lower pH. These properties account for increased leaching of carbonate and alkaline cations from the soils, which results in a lower Ca2+ and Mg2+ cation saturation of the soil sorption complex.
The influence of the geographically differentiated pedogenic factors on the properties of the podzolic soils of the pine forest ecosystems located along a meridional transect stretching between northern Finland (69°44′ N) to southern Poland (50°28′ N) was studied. The geographical trends in soil properties and the diagnostic soil features were determined. The results of many years of research on the spatial differentiation of the properties of podzolic soils confirmed the relations between the geographical differentiation of the pedogenic factors, the spatial variability of the structures of the soil cover, and the spatial variability of soil properties. In addition, an essential role of the soil in the functioning of boreal pine forest ecosystems was demonstrated. The following results can be drawn on the basis of the results obtained: 1) the spatial differentiation of the soil cover analysed is associated with the age of the original sedimentation, the texture properties of the substrate from which the pedons developed, the hygro-thermal properties of climate, and the structure of the vegetation cover; 2) along with the increase of the age of the soils towards south and the decrease of the humid character of climate the increase of the following parameters was noted: content of quartz and of the resistant minerals, the value of grain abrasion index (Wo), the value of the nonhomogenous index (Nm), the deficit of moisture, the thickness of the soil's solum, the ratio Ch:Cf, the degree of humification, the absolute content of the hydrogen ions, the contents of the bivalent cations in the sorption complex of the soils. The decrease was also noted of: the content of the non-resistant minerals, the value of the average grain diameter indicator (AGD), the thickness of the organic horizon (O), the storage of the organic carbon in the entire pedon, the content of the ammonia salts in the mineralised nitrogen, the saturation of the sorption complex of the soils with hydrogen cations, the total content of phosphorus and of the phosphorus accessible for plants, the value of the Schwertmann's indicator, and the value of the illuviation indicator after Mokma; 3) the highest ecological efficiency, as measured with the enzymatic activity, is displayed by the soils of the central part of the area considered.
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