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Chemoreceptor and vagal influences on genioglossal muscle responses to inspiratory resistive load

100%
Aleksandrova N. P.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement
|
2004
|
tom 55
|
nr 3
7-14
The present study was undertaken to determine the mechanisms underlying the involvement of upper airway dilating muscles in compensatory responses to added inspiratory resistive load. Experiments were performed in tracheostomized, anaesthetised rabbits. The effect of inspiratory resistive loading on the electromyographic activity of the genioglossus muscle, the major dilating muscle of the pharynx, was studied in vagotomized and vagally intact rabbits during spontaneous breathing with a hypoxic gas mixture (10% O2 in N2) or oxygen. In the vagally intact animals the peak value and duration of genioglossus muscle inspiratory activity increased in the first loaded breath before any noticeable change in the arterial blood gases. Hyperoxia decreased, whereas hypoxia increased the immediate response of the genioglossus activity to inspiratory loading. Removal of vagal volume-related feedback (by vagotomy) significantly increased the genioglossus muscle activity; the increase being more under hypoxia than under hyperoxia. In contrast to vagally intact animals, there was no first-breath increase in genioglossus activity during loading. The results indicate that the immediate involvement of the genioglossus muscle in response to inspiratory resistive load is mediated by vagal-volume feedback. Baseline oxygen tension before loading modulates the immediate reflex vagal-related response of the genioglossus muscle.
2
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Age-related response of the genioglossus muscle EMG-activity to hypoxia in humans

84%
Klawe J. J., Tafil-Klawe M.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement
|
2003
|
tom 54
|
nr 1
14-19
The prevalence of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome increases with age. Upper airway obstruction during sleep occurs when the dilator muscles are unable to overcome the negative pharyngeal pressure. The very important muscle dilator of the upper airway is the genioglossus muscle (GG). Our previous study showed an increase in GG-EMG activity during progressive hypoxia. In the present study a hypoxic increase in GG-EMG activity in response to hypoxia was investigated in two groups of 10 healthy subjects each: aged 29.1 ±1.8 and aged 53.2 ±2.3. The older humans showed reduced response of GG to hypoxia. We suggest that the biological aging process may be a risk factor for the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
3
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Role of nose breathing in genioglossus muscle response to hypoxia in older and younger subjects

84%
Tafil-Klawe M., Klawe J. J.
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Supplement
|
2003
|
tom 54
|
nr 1
48-54
Several studies showed that nasal airway is an active component of the respiratory system. Clinical data suggest that nasal obstruction causes episodes of obstructive apnea or hypopnea. In the present study, a possible influence of breathing through the nose on genioglossus muscle (GG, dilator of upper airway) reactivity to hypoxic activation was studied. Two groups of 20-30 years and 41-55 years old, 35 healthy subjects each, were investigated. The GG-EMG-activity was recorded and analyzed during progressive normocapnic hypoxia. The subjects breathed through the nose (N) or mouth (M) alone and through the nose and mouth (N&M). Significantly smaller increases in the GG-EMG-activity in response to hypoxia were observed during M breathing, as compared with N and M&N breathings, in both groups. The older subjects also showed a reduced response of GG-muscle to hypoxia, which was most pronounced during M breathing. We suggest that breathing through the nose activates the dilator muscle of upper airways, preventing apnea events.
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