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Spontaneous mutations arise not only in exponentially growing bacteria but also in non-dividing or slowly dividing stationary-phase cells. In the latter case mutations are called adaptive or stationary-phase mutations. High spontaneous mutability has been observed in temperature sensitive Escherichia coli dnaQ49 strain deficient in 3 '=>5' proofreading activity assured by the £ subunit of the main replicative polymer­ase, Pol III. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the dnaQ49 mutation and deletion of the umuDC operon encoding polymerase V (Pol V) on spontaneous mutagenesis in growing and stationary-phase E. coli cells. Using the argE3oc =>Arg+ reversion system in the AB1157 strain, we found that the level of growth-dependent and stationary-phase Arg+ revertants was significantly increased in the dnaQ49 mu­tant at the non-permissive temperature of 37°C. At this temperature, in contrast to cultures grown at 28°C, SOS functions were dramatically increased. Deletion of the umuDC operon in the dnaQ49 strain led to a 10-fold decrease in the level of Arg+ revertants in cultures grown at 37°C and only to a 2-fold decrease in cultures grown at 28°C. Furthermore, in stationary-phase cultures Pol V influenced spontaneous mutagenesis to a much lesser extent than in growing cultures. Our results indicate that the level of Pol III desintegration, dependent on the temperature of incubation, is more critical for spontaneous mutagenesis in stationary-phase dnaQ49 cells than the presence or absence of Pol V.
Background. As the currently known diagnostic DNA targets amplified in the PCR assays for detection of poisonous mushrooms have their counterparts in edible species, there is a need to design PCR primers specific to the genes encoding amanitins and phallotoxins, which occur only in poisonous mushrooms. Objective. The aim of the study was testing of PCR-based method for detection of all genes encoding hepatotoxic cyclic peptides - amanitins and phallotoxins present in the most dangerous poisonous mushrooms. Material and Methods. Degenerate primers in the PCR were designed on the basis of amanitins (n=13) and phallotoxins (n=5) genes in 18 species of poisonous mushrooms deposited to Genbank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Results. The specificity of the PCR assays was confirmed against 9 species of edible mushrooms, death cap - Amanita phalloides and panther cap - Amanita pantherina. Conclusions. Designed two couples of PCR-primers specific to amanitins and phallotoxins genes can be recommended for detection of Amanita phalloides and other mushroom species producing hepatotoxic cyclic peptides - amanitins and phallotoxins.
The gene encoding β-D-galactosidase from Pyrococcus woesei was PCR amplified, cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli under the control of an inducible T7 promoter, purified and characterized. The expression system was developed by the construction of recombinant plasmid, based on the high copy number pUET1 vector, giving four times more efficient expression of P. woesei β-D-galactosidase (20 mg of enzyme from 1 liter of culture) than that obtained from a previously constructed one. The recombinant enzymes were purified in a two-step procedure: double heat-denaturation of E. coli cell proteins and affinity chromatography on p-aminobenzyl 1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside-agarose. To achieve efficient purification of P. woesei β-D-galactosidase by immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC), a His-tag was placed either at the N- or the C-terminal of the coding sequence. The obtained fusion proteins revealed the same specific activity of approximately 5400 U/mg, which was 10 times lower than the wild-type β-D-galactosidase (51100 U/mg). The activity of P. woesei β-D-galactosidase was enhanced by thiol compounds, Mg2+ ions and D-galactose, and was inhibited by heavy metal ions and D-glucose, while Ca2+ ions had no effect.
A gene for ribosomal protein P0 that belongs to the family of ribosomal P proteins was isolated from a Neurospora crassa cDNA library, using polyclonal antibodies against recombinant P0 protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This is the first gene for ribosomal P0 protein to be cloned from filamentous fungi. The derived P0 protein sequence has a strong homology to other eukaryotic P0 proteins; yet, there is a nota­ble alteration in the conservative C-terminal region, placing this protein among the unique sequences from protozoan parasites.
A multiplex PCR system was developed for specific identification of genes encoding heat-labile (LTI) and heat-stable (STI and STII) toxins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains. In addition, primers specific for the E. coli gene coding for 16S rRNA were used as an internal control of the DNA amplification. The specificity of the method was validated by single PCR tests performed with reference to E. coli strains as well as pig-isolated bacteria and 100% correlation was observed. The developed multiplex PCR allowed rapid and specific identification of enterotoxin-positive E. coli and may be used as a sensitive and specific method for a direct determination of ETEC and to differentiate them from other E. coli isolates.
The purpose of the study was the phylogenetic analysis of 16 European strains of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) virus identified in 1989-2004, on the basis of N-terminal fragment of the gene encoding structural protein VP60. The obtained sequences of the strains were compared to the sequences of 30 strains of the virus received from the GenBank gene database. As a result of phylogenetic analysis of all the strains, they were divided into six genogroups, which were principally formed on the basis of the time of their identification, and the place of isolation of the RHD virus, which confirms the present hypothesis of genogroups creation among this virus. Furthermore, in our studies, a clear and visible difference was obtained between the classic strains in genogroups 1-5, and the strains referred to as antigen variants - genogroup 6.
The study has provided data on two Lactobacillus salivarius strains of poultry origin. The strains were investigated for the presence of genes encoding a bacteriocin: salivaricin B, and their localisation in chromosome or plasmid DNA. Specific primers were used to amplify a 224 bp fragment of salivaricin B gene (salB). RFLP analysis of PCR products revealed two DNA fragments of the predicted sizes upon digestion with Ndel and Xapl. Analysis with SspI allowed obtaining variability in two fragments in comparison to computer analysis of both strains, suggesting their divergency. It may be assumed that the amplified DNA fragments of salB gene share great, but not complete similarity to the previously described sequence of salB gene. Two examined strains showed different plasmid profiles; however bands of similar sizes were seen in both profiles. Genes responsible for salivaricin production are located on chromosomal DNA. Properties of these strains, in particular the presence of genes encoding bacteriocin production, imply that they may be used as potential probiotics for poultry.
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