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The effects of different concentrations (10-5 M, 10-4 M. 10-3 M) of Cu2+ on growth, antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were investigated in hydroponically grown Allium sativum L. The results indicated that the growth of garlic seedlings was not inhibited under treatment with 10-5 M Cu2+. Garlic seedlings exposed to 10-4 M and 10-3 M Cu2+ exhibited significant growth reduction. With increasing Cu2+ concentration and treatment time, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in leaves and roots, and peroxidase (POD) activity increased in leaves. In roots of plants exposed to 10-4 M and 10-3 M Cu2+, POD activity increased within 9 d and then dropped, but was still higher than in the control at the end of the experiment. Catalase (CAT) activity increased in seedlings grown at 10-5 M and l0-4 M, whereas a highly toxic level of Cu2+ (10-3 M) markedly inhibited CAT activity. SOD and POD activity were higher in roots than in leaves, whereas CAT activity was higher in leaves than in roots under both control and Cu2+ treatments. There was no obvious effect on MDA content in the seedlings treated with 10-5 M Cu2+; at 10-4 M and 10-3 M Cu2+ it increased. The mechanisms of Cu2+ toxicity and Cu2+ tolerance in garlic are briefly discussed.
The method of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used for determination of the garlic specific heat. The measurements were carried out in the range of material moisture from 17 to 87% and in the temperatures from 283 to 333 K (10-60°C). The analysis of measurement results, aided with the methods of mathematical statistics, summarises the complex behaviour of the change in specific heat versus moistening of garlic and its temperature, and compares it with reference data.
The aim of this study was to comparison of chemical components and antioxidant activity in leaves of winter and spring varieties of garlic, obtained from POLAN Company; Krakow, Poland) as well as in leaves of wild (bear’s) garlic. The content of basic chemical components were determined according to the AOAC methods. Selected minerals content was determined according to the PN procedure. Vitamin C and polyphenols were determined using the Tillman’s and Folin-Ciocalteau’s methods, respectively. The ability to scavenging of the ABTS•+ was analyzed by Re et al. method. Leaves of wild garlic had the significantly lowest amount of dry matter (79.0 g·kg⁻¹), proteins (13.7 g·kg⁻¹), total carbohydrates (50.8 g·kg⁻¹), dietary fiber (26.9 g·kg⁻¹), ash (8.9 g·kg⁻¹), vitamin C (956.1 mg·kg⁻¹), and antioxidant activity (25.0 mmol TEAC·kg⁻¹), but the highest level of crude fat (5.6 g·kg⁻¹), potassium (34.6 g·kg⁻¹), magnesium (1.72 g·kg⁻¹), iron (230.3 mg·kg⁻¹) and zinc (58.8 mg·kg⁻¹) as compared to winter and spring varieties. At the same time, there was no unambiguous differences in the level of basic chemical components (proteins 20.9 ÷ 35.7 g·kg⁻¹, fat 1.6 ÷ 2.8 g·kg⁻¹, total carbohydrates 61.3 ÷ 116.5 g·kg⁻¹, fibre 33.7 ÷ 57.0 g·kg⁻¹, ash 8.9 ÷ 14.1 g·kg⁻¹), antioxidants (vitamin C 75.4 ÷ 459.7 mg·kg⁻¹, polyphenols 335.3 ÷ 1895.1 mg·kg⁻¹), antioxidant activity (27.0 ÷ 30.1 mmol TEAC·kg⁻¹) and the amount of minerals (calcium 7.55 ÷ 28.9 g·kg⁻¹, potassium 15.9 ÷ 28.0 g·kg⁻¹, magnesium 0.85 ÷ 1.32 g·kg⁻¹, sulphur 2.41 ÷ 6.22 g·kg⁻¹, iron 34.4 ÷ 85.7 mg·kg⁻¹, zinc 9.32 ÷ 13.8 mg·kg⁻¹) between winter and spring varieties, as well as between winter varieties.
In this study, we present investigations of morphological changes in the inflorescence of bolting Allium sativum L., which forms umbel-like inflorescences with small, inconspicuous flowers, bulbils, and leaf-like membranous bracts. Particular attention was focused on the architecture of a single flower, and the full sequence of developmental events and the differentiation of flower elements and inflorescence were traced. During the several-year long investigations of the garlic species, we observed that all inflorescence elements emerged chaotically, taking a completely random place in the inflorescence receptacle and it was impossible to identify the sequence of formation of the individual inflorescence elements. The absence of regular phyllotaxis and the specific sequence of formation of inflorescence elements are characteristic for inflorescence reversion. Since domesticated garlic has lost the capacity for sexual reproduction, it has probably evolved alternative reproduction modes in its developmental strategy, which is reflected by the formation of numerous bulbils (vegetative buds, topsets) in the inflorescence. This is one of the forms of reproductive strategy of the species, which through domestication progresses from sexual to asexual reproduction.
The aim of the present work was to identify GCL, OYD and LYS and to assess the degree of their distribution in crop and ornamental plants from the genus Allium. Two groups of plants from the genus Allium were used. The first group included 10 botanical species, while the second group was composed of seven commercial A. sativum cultivars and two genotypes. Identification of GCL, OYD and LYS in leaves, inflorescences, and bulbs was performed with the use of the ELISA test. All plants in the first group consisting of botanical species of the genus Allium were free from the viruses studied, whereas in commercial A. sativum cultivars a high prevalence of GCLV, OYDV and LYSV infection reaching 88.2%, 75% and 32.1%, respectively, was reported. Varying severity of infection in the particular plant organs was found.
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