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The review describes the European Commission’s report concerning the evaluation of tests used for diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in bovines. Four kits already available on the market or in the final stage of being released onto market were tested. The following parameters were examined: specificity, sensitivity and the ability to detect small quantities of PrP as well as reproducibility of the results. Three kits were 100% sensitive and specific, while only one of them detected the smallest quantity of PrP. All the tests are for post-mortem diagnosis of BSE.
Epizootiological studies have shown that meat-and-bone meal of ovine or bovine origin added to feed concentrates are infectious agents in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). In view of the ban on the use of meat-and-bone meal in animal feed in European Union countries, the aim of the study was to elaborate methods for identifying chicken and sheep DNA in compound feeds. A duplex PCR reaction (simultaneous amplification of chicken and sheep DNA) was used to identify mtDNA specific to chickens and sheep. The reaction products were subjected to electrophoresis in 4% agarose gel in the presence of X 174DNA/HaeIII marker. The results obtained enabled the identification of DNA specific to both chickens and sheep.
The use of BSE-contaminated meat and bone meal for feeding sheep and goats may be the cause of transmitting the BSE agent into small ruminant populations. Experimental studies have shown that sheep which are fed cattle brain homogenates from BSE cases can succumb to a BSE-like disease. The distribution of BSE agents in these sheep is similar to scrapie and a wider range of organs is affected when compared with BSE in cattle. Thus, the possibility of crossing the species barrier between sheep and man cannot be excluded (as has been shown with BSE and its variant - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in man). The paper describes implementing one of the approved immuno-blot methods used for discriminating between BSE and scrapie in a small ruminant population. The use of two monoclonal antibodies of which only one reacts with scrapie and atypical scrapie samples facilitates differentiation between BSE and scrapie positive samples from sheep and goats.
The review describes current diagnostic techniques used for TSEs diagnosis with emphasis on BSE and scrapie in sheep. The clinical signs and their reliability are presented along with the review of laboratory tests. Special emphasis has been placed on the diagnostic reliability of clinical signs including their sensitivity and specificity. Histopatological examination for BSE is discussed with guidelines for diagnostic criteria on single section examination. Other techniques for PrP detection like: SAF detection, immunohistochemistry and western-blotting have also been presented. The review describes the development of novel methods for BSE diagnosis in live animals using cerobrospinal fluid and urine.
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