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Major results of economic globalisation are concentration processes, which take place in the world economy. In the paper there were shown such main forms of concentration as fusions and takeovers. Their types and consequences (often negative ones) for joining transnational corporations were also presented. The second part of the article shows development of these forms of concentration in the world and in Poland, their quantity and value as well as the largest transactions of fusions and takeovers, which happened last years. Analysis confirms the fact that though the most of transactions finish as failures, there still has been large interest of corporations to be joined. Moreover, after down tendency last years, new rising tendency of these forms of concentrations is beginning.
Cationic liposomes can efficiently carry nucleic acids into mammalian cells. This property is tightly connected with their ability to fuse with negatively charged natural membranes (i.e. the plasma membrane and endosomal membrane). We used FRET to monitor and compare the efficiency of lipid mixing of two liposomal preparations — one of short-chained diC14-amidine and one of long-chained unsaturated DOTAP — with the plasma membrane of HeLa cells. The diC14-amidine liposomes displayed a much higher susceptibility to lipid mixing with the target membranes. They disrupted the membrane integrity of the HeLa cells, as detected using the propidium iodide permeabilization test. Morphological changes were transient and essentially did not affect the viability of the HeLa cells. The diC14-amidine liposomes were much more effective at either inducing lipid mixing or facilitating transfection.
MutS, a DNA mismatch-binding protein, seems to be a promising tool for mutation detection. We present three MutS based approaches to the detection of point mutations: DNA retardation, protection of mismatched DNA against exonuclease digestion, and chimeric MutS proteins. DNA retardation in polyacrylamide gels stained with SYBR-Gold allows mutation detection using 1-3 µg of Thermus thermophilus his6-MutS protein and 50-200 ng of a PCR product. The method enables the search for a broad range of mutations: from single up to several nucleotide, as mutations over three nucleotides could be detected in electrophoresis without MutS, due to the mobility shift caused by large insertion/deletion loops in heteroduplex DNA. The binding of DNA mismatches by MutS protects the complexed DNA against exonuclease digestion. The direct addition of the fluorescent dye, SYBR-Gold, allows mutation detection in a single-tube assay. The limited efficiency of T4 DNA polymerase as an exonuclease hampers the application of the method in practice. The assay required 300-400 ng of PCR products in the range of 200-700 bp and 1-3 µg of MutS. MutS binding to mismatched DNA immobilised on a solid phase can be observed thanks to the activity of a reporter domain linked to MutS. We obtained chimeric bifunctional proteins consisting of T. thermophilus MutS and reporter domains, like β-galactosidase or GFP. Very low detection limits for β-galactosidase could theoretically enable mutation detection not only by the examination of PCR products, but even of genomic DNA.
Subject and purpose of work: The subject matter of this paper includes selected examples of tools applied in systems analysis and strategic analysis in relation to the influence of their results on the forms of cooperation between business entities. The study is aimed at provoking a deeper thought on the outcomes of the lack of a system-based approach on the effects of cooperation, and consequently at reducing the negative experience arising from the lack of understanding of the conditions affecting the expected results. Materials and methods: This publication is an overview of the issue based on the interpretation and synthesis of the available literature on the subject. Results: The author suggests that the specific conditions, starting from the impact of the broad geopolitical surroundings, the current government policy, legal regulations, culture circles, market development stage or a partner’s place in the production chain, through customs, procedures, processes, intra-organisational standards, affect not only the culture of the organisation itself, but also its reputation and financial result. Conclusions: The influence of the new “virtual” sphere of economic contacts, as a vital element of strategic analysis, was stressed.
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