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Modeling physicochemical properties plays an important role in the function of animal and plant preparations which are widely used in the food processing. The study presents some functional characteristics of 21 randomly selected protein preparations subjected to the examination under the same analytical conditions. All examined preparations were highly variable in their composition, solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties. It has been confimed that the evaluation of protein preparation hydrophobicity is possible using different empirical or computational methods. The surface hydrophobicity value may be used to extend complex laboratory characterization of protein preparations.
The functional food development is one of the most interesting fi elds of the food industry. The knowledge of the effects of processing is essential in order to optimize the conditions and to obtain functional foods rich in bioactive compounds. Many functional buckwheat derived bakery and non-bakery products have been put into production including buckwheat enhanced breads, biscuits, snacks, noodles, tea, tarhana, sprouts, and fi nally buckwheat honey. This article reviews the studies carried out in the past few years in relation to the effects of processing on bioactive compounds in buckwheat derived bakery and non-bakery products, and on their overall nutritional value and consumer acceptance. Finally, the future trends in buckwheat processing are addressed.
The cold-responsive (COR) genes play an important role in cold acclimation of higher plants. Here, a tight correlation between chloroplast functionality and COR15A expression, and the functional characterization of Arabidopsis COR15A involved in salt/osmotic stress, were revealed. COR15A gene is light inducible and expressed in light-grown seedlings. The expression level of COR15A was reduced when chloroplasts were damaged by norflurazon treatment. By using several albino mutants, seca1, secy1, and tic20, all of which exhibited severe defects in both structure and function of chloroplast, it was shown that the accumulation of COR15A mRNA depends on chloroplast functionality. Real-time RT-PCR and GUS-staining assays demonstrated that COR15A was induced by salt/osmotic stress partially via ABA. Overexpression of COR15A in Arabidopsis resulted in the seedlings displaying hypersensitivity to salt/osmotic stress. All these results suggest that plant acquire the ability to fully express COR15A only after the development of functional chloroplasts, COR15A may be involved in response to salt/ osmotic stress during early stages of plant development.
The reported study describes the separation of humic substances (HS) dissolved in surface waters into hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions with the SPE method onto StrataX (Phenomenex) columns. The separated fractions were analyzed with the HPLC-C18 (Merck column) method for relative polarity of humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids in the samples. Analyses were carried out on samples collected from 7 lakes constituting two cascade systems located in the same catchment of the Ełk River. During HPLC assays, an effect of size exclusion (SE) was observed, especially for the hydrophilic fraction. The HPLC analyses enabled us to demonstrate that in both hydrological systems the hydrophilic fraction contained mainly molecules with molecular weights exceeding 1,000Da and of practically equal relative polarity. Only in system II (five lakes) was the hydrophobic fraction strongly diversified quantitatively as well as in terms of molecular weight and polarity between the samples. Results of analysis show that this system was subject to a strong anthropogenic impact.
The effects of drought stress, stress by increased nitrogen depositions and the combined effect of the two stress factors on the growth of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. were studied in two stands. The drought stress was induced by reducing atmospheric precipitations by 60% and the increased nitrogen depositions were simulated by repeated applications of ammonium sulphate at a rate corresponding to 100 kg N ha–1 year–1. All stress factors under study affected the height increment of the above-ground part, the length and colour of needles, and the biomass, vertical distribution, functionality and mycorrhizal infection of fine roots. The root system responded to the simulated stresses right from the the very first year of their action, exhibiting a greater damage than the above-ground part of the plant. Drought acted as a stress factor stronger than the nitrogen depositions themselves. The strongest impact was recorded in the simultaneous influence of the stress factors.
W artykule przedstawiono sposoby modernizacji obór krów mlecznych w aspekcie technologicznym i budowlanym. Jako przykład modernizacji pod względem technologicznym i budowlanym przedstawiono prace, jakie zostały wykonane w jednej z obór znajdujących się w fermie krów w gospodarstwie doświadczalnym SGGW Obory-Goździe. Modernizacja obory polegała na zmianie technologii utrzymania zwierząt oraz stosownych zmianach budowlano-konstrukcyjnych w odniesieniu do przeznaczenia budynku.
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