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In our study, by simulating the model of an apple producing firm, we investigated how the availability of postharvest establishments influences the economic efficiency of production. The results of our analysis highlighted the fact that by possessing cold storage and introducing an extended selling period, a producing enterprise may make higher profits (NPV) of 40 to 50% during the lifetime of the investment than if without such postharvest mechanisms. In the investigated case, however, because of the huge capital requirement at the beginning, the internal rate of return (IRR) was somewhat unfavourable. However, in the case of own, ready and running postharvest establishments, better investment economic efficiency parameters (from 40 – 120 %) may be reached. Thus the capital need for investment is much lower for the producing enterprise, but the price advantage of the extended selling period remains.
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Results of our experiments are interpreted according to fertilizing system developed by long-term experiments and investigations. The potassium fertilization and favourable N/K ratio can increase the frost tolerance of generative organs of fruit trees to some extent. The effect of suitable growing site can surpass the effect of fertilizers. Frequently, the increase of phosphorus and potassium levels in the soil and leaves are relatively small comparing to amount of fertilizers, because of the strong fixation in the fertilized soil layer and – in other cases – leaching from root zone. Main soil characters should be taken into consideration to determine the favourable phosphorus, potassium levels in the soil. The excess of lime can be compensated by potassium fertilization to some extent, but on acid soils the NPK fertilization may be more effective – or effective at all – following lime or dolomite application.
The preliminary studies were conducted in the years 2006-2008 at the Fruit Experimental Station of Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences. One year old trees of Harcot, Hargrand and Bergeron cultivars grafted on Pumiselect® vegetative rootstock were planted in spring 2006, at a spacing of 4.0 x 3.2 m (780 trees∙ha-1). The experiment was established in a randomized block design in 4 replications with 3 (ʻBergeronʼ) or 4 (‘Harcot’, ‘Hargrand’) trees per plot. The trees of all estimated cultivars started cropping in the third year after planting but the obtained yields were not too high. ‘Harcot’ and ‘Bergeron’ produced only some fruits. The significantly highest crop per tree and largest fruit were recorded for ‘Hargrand’. ‘Bergeron’ trees produced clearly the smallest sized apricots. ‘Harcot’ proved to be the most vigorous cultivar. The weakest growth was noted for ‘Bergeron’. The highest per cent of dead trees was observed for ‘Hargrand’, the lowest one for ‘Harcot’. However ‘Harcot’ showed to be very susceptible to bark and wood diseases. ‘Bergeron’ fruits were very susceptible to peach scab.
During the 20th century in Central and Eastern Europe, traditional agricultural management was either heavily intensified or abandoned due to socio-economic reasons. The land abandonment led to subsequent secondary succession reverted many wet meadows into Phragmites swamps, Salix or Alnus thickets, as well as woodlands. Therefore, the understanding of changes in abundance and structure of populations in the process of succession has become very important especially for rare and endangered species. In Poland one of strictly protected plant is Gentiana pneumonanthe L. It is a nonclonal, long-lived, iteroparous plant consisted of numerous vegetative and generative stems, bearing 1–25 flowers per year. The investigations of abundance and structure of subpopulations of Gentiana pneumonanthe were conducted in the years 2009– 2011 in abandoned Molinietum caeruleae meadows dominated by low-stature species (Patch I), prevailed by tall grasses (Patch II), willows (Patch III), as well as partly overgrown by shrubs and trees (Patch IV). The average height of vegetation cover achieved from 65.3 cm (Patch I), via 85.8 cm (Patch II) and 94.0 cm (Patch III), to 142.7 cm (Patch IV). The gradually decline of abundance of Gentiana pneumonathe subpopulations and increased trend toward their senilization along the gradient of vegetation height might be due to successional closure of plant cover, preventing seedling recruitment. The total number of stems per individual and length of vegetative stems decreased with augmentation of neighbouring plants dimensions, whereas the height of generative stems, as well as flower and fruit production presented inversed trend. The greatest dimensions of capsules found in patch dominated by small meadow species might be due to greater availability of solar radiation. The conditions of studied subpopulations decrease gradually from patch dominated by small meadow species, via sites prevailed by grasses and willows, to place overgrown by shrubs and trees. Although obvious differences in abundance and structure of individuals, the prospects of all observed populations are poor, especially that patches are not subjected active protection.
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