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The objective of the study was to assess the effects of a high-fructose diet as opposed to a starch diet (standard or enriched, respectively) on oxidative stress indices in rats fed for 9 weeks. In some groups of the animals, fructose overload diminished cellular glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) activity in the liver, while in others, the enrichment of diet with buckwheat enhanced heart GPX1 activity. No change in GPX1 activity was detected in the testes. Similarly, different diets did not affect significantly either thioredoxin reductase (TR) in the testes and kidneys, or superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of red blood cells. All study groups exhibited decreased malondialdehyde content in plasma and ferric reducing ability of plasma, as compared with control groups. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that a diet high in fructose significantly changes antioxidant defence status in rats, but it can be counteracted by the addition of an appropriate nutrient.
The content of carbohydrates soluble in water at 80°C was examined in wheat grain at the stages of incomplete maturity (33 and 40 days from blooming). High content of the carbohydrates was found, which rapidly decreased during grain development. The high-performance liquid chromatography of hot-water extracts showed several percentages of fructose and glucose and many times greater percentages of the oligosaccharides with the retention time above 10 min. After acid hydrolysis, the proportion of fructose in the grain hydrolysates increased to 14 or 39 g/100 g grain and the proportion of the component X, with the retention time about 10 min decreased twice. The increase in the fructose content indicated the presence of fructans which are not fully hydrolysed by acid in the following conditions: HCl concentration 1.65%, temperature of boiling water bath, time 1 h.
The fungi that cause sooty blotch grow only on the apple skin, so they use appropriate nutrients which are present on the fruit surface. It has been shown that when the first symptoms of sooty blotch occur a noticeable increase of glucose and fructose content both on the apple skin and in juice is observed. Such increase occurs at pH 4.4. An effect of surface glucose and fructose on the growth of pathogens responsible for the disease was also confirmed by evaluating the germination of conidia of Phialophora sessilis de Hoog and Peltaster fructicola Jonhson in solution of above mentioned sugars, distilled water and standard d-glucose solutions.
The aim of the present work was to determine the carbohydrate content in plantlets of Clematis pitcheri cultured in vitro depending on the temperature (15°C, 20°C and 25°C) and sucrose (10 and 30 g·dm⁻³) and nitrogen (100% and 50% of normal MS strength) level in the medium. 100% N meant 1.90 g KNO₃ and 1.65 g NH₄NO₃, and 50% N meant 0.950 g KNO₃ and 0.825 g NH₄NO₃ in 1 dm⁻³ of MS medium. The highest accumulation of starch in shoots took place at 30 g·dm⁻³ of sucrose and lower level of nitrogen compounds in the medium. Also, at 30 g·dm⁻³ of sucrose in the medium the content of fructose in shoots was higher and independent from the level of nitrogen. The temperature of 25°C stimulated glucose accumulation in shoots at the highest degree at 30 g·dm⁻³ of sucrose and lower level of nitrogen. Regardless of the treatment, no sucrose was found in plantlets. Generally, the higher concentration of sucrose in the medium the higher content of sum of carbohydrates in plantlets. A lower nitrogen compound level (50% N) led to increase of glucose and starch content in shoots, and had a smaller effect on the level of fructose. Shoots cultured at the temperature of 20°C and 25°C accumulated more carbohydrates than at 15°C.
This study presents data on the age changes of hyaluronidase activity in epididymal secretion as well as the presence of fructose and citric acid in vesicular glands (glandulae vesiculares) secretion. The results of age changes in the amount of epididymal secretion and its spermatozoa concentration in the Podolsky plant type bulls of the Ukrainian black-dappled dairy breed are also given. The research was conducted on 54 individuals, aged 1--13 months. It was found that fructose and citric acid in vesicular glands secretion as well as hyaluronidase activity and mature spermatozoa in epididymal secretion emerge for the first time in 5-month-old bulls. The highest concentrations of fructose (742 ±63 mg/per cent) and citric acid (914 ±81 mg/per cent) in vesicular glands secretion and the highest hyaluronidase activity (1.6 thousand units) in epididymal secretion were found in 12-month-old bulls. A strong positive correlation between hyaluronidase activity and spermatozoa concentration in epididymal secretion was also observed.
The increasing consumption of sugars is one of the factors contributing to the obesity epidemic. Our research was carried out on the sugar composition of apples. The purpose of the study was to determine the quantitative and qualitative composition of sugars of different apple varieties from the East Bohemia region. In this study dry matter content and sensory characteristics were also evaluated. Apples contain fructose, glucose and sucrose. Fructose is known to be a highly lipogenic sugar that has profound metabolic effects in the liver, and has been associated with many of the components of the metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance, elevated waist circumference, dyslipidemia, and hypertension). Fructose, glucose and sucrose in different apple cultivars were extracted with ethanol, derivatized, and determined by gas chromatography. 17 cultivars of apple were analysed. The average fructose content was 6.52 ± 1 g/100 g of apple (8.1 – ‘Golden Delicious’, 4.8 – ‘Selena’), glucose content 1.46 ± 0.55 g/100 g of apple (3 – ‘Red Delicious’, 0.9 – ‘Ontario’), and sucrose content 4.75 ± 1.35 g/100 g of apple (7.2 – ‘Opal’, 2.1 – ‘Melrose’). The cultivars suitable for nutrition of patients with metabolic syndrome are ‘Selena’ and ‘Ontario’.
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