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Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of footballers who participated in the 2008 and 2012 European Championships. The study was conducted by analysis of basic technical and tactical game. Material/Methods: The observation method in the form of a kinematic game analysis system was used to collect necessary data. The research material was based on analysis of 304 players participating in the 2008 European Championships and 277 players in the 2012 European Championships, with each tournament consisting of 31 matches. Statistica software was used to apply the Student’s t-test for the independent groups. Results: Higher values of indicators determining player’s efficiency were found in the teams participating in the 2012 tournament; significant differences were found in the total number (p = 0.048) and accuracy (p = 0.034) of shots taken by the most successful teams, in the number (p = 0.044), efficiency (p = 0.002) and accuracy (p < 0.001) of passes as well as in the length of distance covered (p < 0.001). Conclusions: A systematic increase in the efficiency of passes in subsequent tournaments points to an upward trend of this element in the game. An increase was also noted in the number of shots taken, which was accompanied by a decrease in shot accuracy. Modern football has become a fast team game with lots of passes of high reliability. Thus, training of young players should be focused on the development of playing techniques and motor skills.
The aim of the work – to establish motor skills peculiarities in young football players (aged 13 to 14 years). Methods of the research: Tests for speed and velocity and Tensodynamometry (Radžiukynas 1997). Average height of football players is 168 cm, their body mass – 55.84 kilos, BMI – 19.58. The vertical body movement speed in two foot take-off of the players is 2.49 m/sec, running results: in 10 m run – 1.88 sec (5.31 m/sec), in 20 m run – 3.31 sec (6.04 m/sec), in 30 m run – 4.68 sec (6.41 m/sec), jumping in hexagon area result – 17.16 sec, angular movement result – 2.35 m/sec. Individual movement skills are expressed by kinematic and kinetic indices of interaction with support, such as: squat time (0.348 sec), take-off duration (0.249 sec), squat speed (1.02 m/sec), squat depth (19.5 cm), reactivity of legs’ muscles (22.1 Hz), jump height (31.4 cm), absolute power of take-off (1555 N), relative capacity (28.5 W). Football players do not experience fatigue performing intense two foot vertical jumps, in average 45 jumps in 30 sec. Correlation analysis of all movement directions kinematic and kinetic indices relation significance highlighted the main indices which most objectively allow evaluation, prognosis, and correction of various directions movement level and abilities of young football players. Alteration of these indices’ significance interrelation shows peculiarities of athletes’ body functional systems’ adaptation to training loads, also serves as an effective methodical direction in improving preparation of young football players.
The dynamics of stabilometric indicators of players and non-athletes is considered. It is shown that in the Romberg sample with eyes open and closed disparities in maintaining the balance between players and non-athletes are practically not detected. The most significant shifts of the stabilometric performance we observed in the vestibular stimulation in the Romberg sample with eyes open, which is significantly less than that of the players.
Background. Personality traits associated with one’s health beliefs and expectations constitute a determinant of dietary behaviours. Objective. The aim of the study was to analyse the dietary behaviours of young American football players in the Polish clubs and association thereof with their general self-efficacy level. Materials and Methods. The study included the group of 100 young men (20-30 years of age) who practiced American football on a professional basis in three Polish clubs. The study was based on an original dietary behaviour questionnaire derived from the Swiss Food Pyramid for Athletes and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). Statistical analysis, conducted with Statistica 10.0 PL software, included intergroup comparisons with the Chi-square test. Results. Having at least three meals per day (82%), consumption of such protein products as eggs and/or meat several times per week (68%) and including cereal products in every main meal (67%) turned out to be the most often followed qualitative recommendations of the Swiss Food Pyramid for Athletes in the group of American football players. Other, frequently followed dietary recommendations included remaining on a variable diet (75%), preference to mineral water and other non-sweetened beverages (69%), reduced intake of sweets and salted snacks (65%), energy drinks (64%) and fast food products (60%). The least frequently declared dietary behaviours included consuming recommended amounts of vegetables/fruits (48%) and wholegrain cereal products (45%), and reduced intake of animal fats (42%). Analysis of a relationship between specific dietary behaviours and general self-efficacy level showed that the athletes with higher levels of this trait consumed recommended daily amounts of vegetables (54% vs. 26%, p<0.01) and cereal products (87% vs. 50%, p<0.001), had recommended number of meals per day (96% vs. 70%, p<0.001) and ate regularly (76% vs. 24%, p<0.001) significantly more often than the persons characterized by lower self-efficacy levels. Conclusions. Players with higher general self-efficacy levels adhere to the recommendations of the Swiss Food Pyramid for Athletes to a larger extent than the sportsmen with lower levels of this trait.
Background. The injury to medial meniscotibial ligament (MTL) is a cause of pain in the medial articulatio genus which is rarely discussed in the literature. The paper examines the effectiveness of deep transverse friction massage (DTFM) in the treatment of injury to the medial meniscus-tibial ligament in a female football player. Material and methods. A case study concerned a patient ( 22 years old) who is a football player on the position of striker. She has been complaining about the pain in the right, medial articulatio genus for five days. Deep transverse friction massage (DTFM) was applied in the treatment. A total of 9 procedures was conducted (3 times a week) throughout three weeks. The first DTFM session lasted 2 minutes and the time was systematically extended during further sessions until it reached 15 minutes. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), modified Laitinen Pain Questionnaire and countermovement jump test (CMJ) on the dynamometric platform were applied to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment. Results. Having completed the treatment, a decrease of pain measured by the means of VAS and Laitinen Pain Questionnaire was reported. There was also improvement in limb symmetry index in all phases of the test carried out on the dynamometric platform. Conclusions. The results demonstrate that DTFM may be an effective method of treatment for MTL injuries. Conducting further research on a bigger study group is necessary.
In modern endurance training information about an athlete’s performance below and above the anaerobic threshold is crucial. The aim of the present study was a comparative analysis of the total distance covered by football players in two rounds of the 2013/1014 playing season. Furthermore, the study also assessed the performance of elite Bundesliga players during competitive matches, above and below the running speed of 4 m·s–1, corresponding to the level of anaerobic threshold (AT). The players’ mean body height was 183.00 ±6.44 cm, body mass 78.19 ±7.42 kg, and mean age was 27.99 ±3.47 years. The analysis was carried using the Impire AG motion analysis system on the basis of official match reports from the Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB). The study revealed that the total distance covered by the players in match-play was significantly shorter in the second round of the playing season. The distance covered by the players below the AT is significantly shorter in the spring round than in the autumn round, while the distance covered above the AT shows a reverse, although non-significant tendency. In the spring round the volume of players’ work performed above the anaerobic threshold is greater than the volume of exercise performed below the AT.
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