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Gonad of Helix pomatia in annual cycle

75%
The enlargement of the thyroid is, in general, benign in origin and due to nodular goitre. Follicular cellular proliferation of thyroid nodules has been increasingly observed recently. With fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) this is classified as a follicular tumour. These lesions present various patterns of vascularisation in ultrasound examination. The aim of the study was to establish the relation between follicular nodule vascularisation and the proliferative activity of various types of follicular cell. According to the manner of proliferation, patients were divided into groups as follows: (I) patients with hyperplastic nodules (46 cases), (II) patients with follicular adenoma (42 cases), and (III) patients with follicular cancer (9 cases). In each case B-mode sonography, Power Doppler, sonographically guided FNAB (S-FNAB), morphological examination and morphometry were performed. The proliferative activity was detected with immunohistochemical methods (PCNA, Ki 67 and MPM2) to determine the so-called “proliferative index”. The study revealed increased proliferative activity in tumours of malignant origin and increased vascularisation in coexistence with increased proliferation of the follicular cells. As assessed by Power Doppler, an increased flow pattern in the centre of the nodules correlates with increased proliferative activity. The results suggest that Power Doppler examination could be helpful in selecting nodules for FNAB, especially in multinodular goitre.
This study was designed to investigate levels of ETAR gene expression in the granulosa layer of broiler hens with different levels of plasma leptin and lipids (cholesterol and triacyglycerol). To induce different plasma leptin and lipid levels, the hens were fed high (20 and 40% more than recommended) and low (20% less than recommended) feed rations for 30 days. Variations of plasma leptin and lipids followed those found in the levels of feed intake and body weight in individual groups while the relative amount of ETAR mRNA increased in all groups. The effect, however, was significant (P<0.05) only for T+20% group. It is concluded that ETAR gene expression in follicular granulosa cells could be influenced by leptin in the broiler hens.
Recently, we reported the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on ovarian cell proliferation in parallel with the inhibitory action of ghrelin on cell apoptosis. The aim of the presented data propose local activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2) and phosphoinositide-3 (PI-3) kinase pathways as a mechanism of ghrelin effect in the porcine ovary. To test this hypothesis, action of ghrelin on levels of ERK 1/2 with PI-3 kinase activity and protein expression using ELISA and western blot analysis, respectively, was examined. Additionally, to determine which pathways (ERK 1/2 or PI-3 kinase) are the potential signals of ghrelin-mediated cell proliferation and apoptosis in ovarian cells, we used PD098059 (50 µM) and wortmannin (200 µM), well-known inhibitors of these kinases. Treatment of ovarian coculture cells with ghrelin (100, 250, 500 and 1000 pg/ml) showed stimulation of phospho-ERK 1/2 levels and PI-3 kinase activity, with the maximum effect observed after 15 min of cell incubation. Additionally, western blot analysis indicated that ghrelin increased expression of both kinases. Moreover, ghrelin used in combination with PD098059 or wortmannin significantly decreased cell proliferation, which was measured by the Alamar Blue assay and increased apoptosis, which was measured by caspase - 3 activity and DNA fragmentation. In conclusion, these results suggest that the ERK 1/2 and PI-3 kinase pathways may be potential signals of ghrelin mediate the cell proliferation and apoptosis of ovary cells.
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