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Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA -targeted oligonucleotide probes has become one of the major techniques in environmental microbiology, allowing rapid and reliable definition of prokaryotes and quantification of population sizes. The aim was to demonstrate the applicability of the FISH method to study bacterioplankton composition in North Mamry Lake, and to follow the dynamics of two populations of common bacteria. We analyzed the phylogenetic composition of free-living bacterioplankton assemblage using oligonucleotide probes specific for Bacteria as well as for β-Proteobacteria and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium groups. Up to 53% of bacteria detected with DA PI could be detected via FISH by applying the universal bacterial probe for domain Bacteria (Eub338). Percentage of Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster did not exceed 20%. Members of the β –Proteobacteria appeared to be the most abundant group.
R-spondins constitute a recently discovered small family of growth factors, and the evidence of their role in several developmental pathways is growing fast. In this work we describe the chromosomal location of the four RSPO genes in the donkey. Using horse BACs, we localized RSIPO1 on EAS 5q23, RSPO2 on EAS 12q13, RSPO3 on EAS 24q26, and RSPO4 on EAS 15p13. Moreover, RSPO2, RSPO3, and RSPO4 are the first genes mapped on donkey chromosomes 12, 24, and 15, respectively.
Fluorescence and genomic in situ hybridization (FISH and GISH) methods were used for discrimination of Brassica genomes. The three diploid and three allotetraploid species of Brassica, known as the "U-triangle," represent an attractive model for molecular and cytologieal analysis of genome changes during phylogeny in the genus Brassica. The use of genomic DNA probes enabled unambiguous discrimination of the ancestral genomes in B. juncea and B. carinata, and was only partially successful in B. napus. GISH signals in all genomes were localized predominantly in pericentromeric regions of chromosomes. Simultaneous application of genomic and ribosomal DNA probes in multicolor GISH and FISH allowed identification of a significant number of chromosomes in the B. juncea complement. The study also revealed that species of Brassica possess Arabidopsis-type telomeric repeats which in all genomes occupied exclusively terminal, that is, telomeric, locations of chromosomes.
Wastewater treatment based on activated sludge is known to be one of the most effective and popular wastewater purification methods. An estimation of microbial community variability in activated sludge allows us to observe the correlation between a particular bacterial group's appearance and the effectiveness of the removal of chemical substances. This research is focused on microbial community temporal changes in membrane bioreactors treating wastes containing a high level of ammonia nitrogen. Samples for this study were collected from two membrane bioreactors with an activated sludge age of 12 and 32 days, respectively. The activated sludge microbial community was adapted for the removal of ammonia nitrogen up to a level of 0.3 g NH₄⁺-N g/VSS/d (VSS - volatile suspended solids). The methods - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based on 16S rRNA gene PCR products and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 16S rRNA gene probes - revealed significant differences in the microbial community structure in the two bioreactors, caused mainly by a difference in sludge age. According to the results obtained in this study, a bioreactor with a sludge age of 12 days is characterized by a much higher microbial community diversity than a bioreactor with a sludge age of 32 days. Interestingly, the appearance of particular species of nitrifying bacteria was constant throughout the experiment in both bioreactors. Changes occured only in the case of the Nitrosomonas oligotropha lineage bacteria. This study demonstrates that the bacterial community of bioreactors operating with different sludge ages differs in total community structure. Nevertheless, the changeability of the bacterial community structure did not have any influence on the efficiency of nitrification.
The gold standard in microbiological diagnostics of bacteremia is a blood culture in automated systems. This method may take several days and has low sensitivity. New screening methods that could quickly reveal the presence of bacteria would be extremely useful. The objective of this study was to estimate the effectiveness of these methods with respect to blood cultures in the context of antibiotic therapy. Blood samples from 92 children with sepsis were analyzed. Blood cultures were carried out in standard automated systems. Subsequently, FISH (Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization) and nested multiplex-real-time-PCR (PCR) were performed. Blood cultures, FISH and PCR yielded positive results in 18%, 39.1%, and 71.7% of samples, respectively. Significant differences were found between the results obtained through culture before and after induction of antibiotherapy: 25.5% vs. 9.7%. There was no significant difference in FISH and PCR results in relation to antibiotics. The three methods employed demonstrated significant differences in detecting bacteria effectively. Time to obtain test results for FISH and PCR averaged 4–5 hours. FISH and PCR allow to detect bacteria in blood without prior culture. These methods had high sensitivity for the detection of bacteremia regardless of antibiotherapy. They provide more timely results as compared to automated blood culture, and may be useful as rapid screening tests in sepsis.
W związku z popularyzacją trendu „Super Food” konsumenci oczekują obecności na rynku produktów o szerokim spektrum oddziaływania na organizm człowieka. Sok z jagód goji charakteryzuje się wieloma dobroczynnymi właściwościami, a wzbogacenie go w potencjalnie probiotyczne kultury Lactobacillus spp. może dodatkowo zwiększyć jego wartość biologiczną pod warunkiem zachowania przez szczepy żywotności. Celem pracy była identyfikacja i ocena aktywności fizjologicznej komórek Lactobacillus spp. w soku z jagód goji z zastosowaniem metody fluorescencyjnej hybrydyzacji in situ (FISH). W celu identyfikacji Lactobacillus spp. przeprowadzono hybrydyzację z sondami oligonukleotydowymi rRNA, w tym z sondą dla domeny Eubacteria (Eub338), nonsensowną (Non338), a także dla grupy bakterii fermentacji mlekowej (Lab158) i 11 sond specyficznych dla różnych gatunków z rodzaju Lactobacillus. Analizę aktywności fizjologicznej komórek Lactobacillus spp. w soku z jagód goji przeprowadzono sondą Eub338 bezpośrednio po zaszczepieniu oraz 3., 8., 15., 22. i 29. dnia przechowywania w temp. 20 ºC (± 2 ºC) oraz 6 ºC i porównano z wynikami metody płytkowej. Metoda FISH pozwoliła na określenie przynależności gatunkowej 8 z 9 badanych szczepów, które zaklasyfikowano do L. plantarum oraz L. brevis. Wykazano ponadto, że w wyniku przechowywania soku z jagód goji w temp. 20 ºC (± 2 ºC) aktywność fizjologiczna komórek podlegała znacznym zmianom, czyli zmniejszyła się w ostatnim dniu przechowywania i po porównaniu z wynikami metody płytkowej można wskazać na stan niehodowalności komórek. Natomiast po przechowywaniu w temp. 6 ºC aktywność fizjologiczna była stabilna, gdyż liczba komórek utrzymywała się na wysokim poziomie do ostatniego dnia przechowywania. Badania przeprowadzone w tym zakresie wskazują na przydatność metody FISH w detekcji i poznawaniu fizjologii pałeczek Lactobacillus spp.
This study focuses on the variability of chromosomal location and number of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites in some diploid and autotetraploid Festuca pratensis and Lolium perenne cultivars, as well as on identification of rDNA-bearing chromosomes in their triploid and tetraploid F. pratensis × L. perenne hybrids. The rDNA loci were mapped using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 5S and 25S rDNA probes, and the origin of parental genomes was verified by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) with L. perenne genomic DNA as a probe, and F. pratensis genomic DNA as a block. FISH detected variation in the number and chromosomal location of both 5S and 45S rDNA sites. In F. pratensis mostly additional signals of 5S rDNA loci occurred, as compared with standard F. pratensis karyotypes. Losses of 45S rDNA loci were more frequent in L. perenne cultivars and intergeneric hybrids. Comparison of the F. pratensis and L. perenne genomes approved a higher number of rDNA sites as well as variation in chromosomal rDNA location in L. perenne. A greater instability of F. pratensis-genome-like and L. perenne-genome-like chromosomes in tetraploid hybrids was revealed, indicating gains and losses of rDNA loci, respectively. Our data indicate that the rDNA loci physically mapped on chromosomes 2 and 3 in F. pratensis and on chromosome 3 in L. perenne are useful markers for these chromosomes in intergeneric Festuca × Lolium hybrids.
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