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Although aerobiological data are frequently used as a fl owering sign in phenological research, airborne pollen counts are infl uenced by a number of factors affecting pollen curves. A study was made about the reproductive biology of birch and environmental factors infl uencing its pollen release and transport, in order to achieve a reliable interpretation of Betula pollen curves. Aerobiological data were recorded in 2002 and 2003 at two sites in NW Spain and phenological observations were carried out on 20 trees from four Betula populations (three Betula alba L. and one B. pendula Roth.). Pollen production was calculated for six Betula alba trees. Chilling and heat requirements for triggering development were calculated. Due to differences in the geographical location, budbreak and fl owering started fi rst in Betula pendula. The fl owering period lasted from 8-13 days. Reduced pollen output per anther and catkin in individual trees in 2003 prompted a marked decline in overall pollen production. Major differences observed in birch pollen curves were attributed to the infl uence both of weather conditions and pollen transport from areas where the fl owering occurs at a different time. Heat requirements calculated using phenological and aerobiological data were similar when the peak pollen- count date was used.
The big bud mite (Cecidophyopsis ribis Westwood) is one of the most harmful pests of blackcurrant in countries where this crop is cultivated. It has been the biggest threat to blackcurrant plantations for many years. It causes bud malformation and reduces the yield. It is also known to be a vector of the very dangerous blackcurrant virus disease - Blackcurrant reversion virus - BRV. The aim of the study was to estimate the level of infestation on 21 blackcurrant genotypes (16 cultivars and 5 breeding clones) by big bud mite in the field. All tested cultivars were divided into 5 groups, depending on the level of big bud mite infestation: 1. - fully resistant (no damaged buds); 2. - resistant (0.1-1.0% damaged buds); 3. - moderately resistant (1.1-5.0% damaged buds); 4. - moderately susceptible (5.1-10.0% damaged buds); 5. - susceptible (> 10.0% damaged buds). On the basis of the results from a three year experiment (2008-2010), 5 genotypes: the English cultivars: 'Farliegh' and 'Foxedown', and the new Polish breeding clones: PC-1/4, PC-7/9 and PC-7/13, were classified as fully resistant to gall mite (first group). Two other Polish genotypes: 'Ores' and clone No. 138x76/69A/12 as well as the Lithuanian cultivar 'Vakariai' were classified as resistant (second group). In the group of moderately resistant were: the Polish cultivar 'Tisel' and Scottish 'Ben Gairn' (third group). Six cultivars: the Polish 'Ruben', 'Tines' and 'Tiben', as well as the Lithuanian 'Kupoliniai' and 'Vy- ciai' and the Swedish 'Ojebyn' were put into the fourth group (moderately suscepti­ble). The most susceptible to gall mite (fifth group) were five genotypes: the Scottish cultivars: 'Ben Hope', 'Ben Lomond' and clone No. 14-1-9 and the Lithuanuian: 'Laimiai' and 'Gagatai'. These two Lithuanian cultivars: 'Laimiai' and 'Gagatai' were the most susceptible to the pest during all three years of the experiment.
Blue honeysuckle due to the high health benefits of its fruit, early ripening (before the first strawberries cultivars) and high frost resistance of both plants and flowers has gained the great popularity both in cultivation and breeding. The implementation of the breeding program of new cultivars requires the knowledge of the characteristics that determine its direction in the selected material. Therefore, in this study the evaluation of the phenological phases, yield, fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit and pollen viability in the cultivars and breeding clones of this species was made. The tested cultivars and clones had different levels of the analysed qualities except the pollen viability which was high but did not differ significantly within the genotypes. The evaluation of such characteristics as yield potential and fruit weight indicates that cultivars ‘Warszawa’, ‘Wojtek’ and T2 clone which had higher values of these characteristics as compared to other genotypes are possible to be used in breeding programme. Obtainment of the forms with early fruit ripening can be realised through the use of the selected Russian cultivars. The objective of this study was also to characterise the blue honeysuckle germplasms using RAPD markers and to assess their genetic similarity. The analysed primers produced 61 fragments out of which 57 (93.44%) were polymorphic. The genetic similarity matrix was made on the basis of RAPD markers. The mean genetic similarity was calculated at 0.56. The presented study confirms that the use of RAPD markers is a practical and effective method to evaluate the genetic similarity of blue honeysuckle genotypes and to establish genetic relationships between these genotypes.
Badania prowadzono w Instytucie Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa w Puławach, w wazonach Mitscherlicha. Czynnikiem I rzędu były dwa genotypy bobiku: Nadwiślański - typ tradycyjny i Tim - typ samokończący, a czynnikiem II rzędu była wilgotność gleby: 30, 50 i 70% ppw, którą zróżnicowano w okresie kwitnienie-dojrzewanie. Zmniejszenie zawartości wody w glebie silnie ograniczało plon nasion i białka obydwu odmian bobiku. Bobik odmiany Tim był bardziej wrażliwy na niedobór wody w glebie niż odmiana Nadwiślański.
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