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Changes in chemical properties, mineralogical composition and microstructure of the taiga surface-gley forest and cultivated soils were studied. The cultivated soil was previously drained, limed and manured. Different dozes of NPK were applied during 5 and 20 years. Perennial grasses were grown on the plots studied. Long - term application of small dozes of NPK (40 - 100 kg ha⁻¹) contributed to a biological transformation of arable horizons and formed a high quantity of biogenic pores and aggregates. Improvement of water permeability and drainage caused removal of the organo-mineral compounds from the upper horizons. These compounds were accumulated near drains. In our experiments, optimal dozes of NPK applied to form biogenic aggregates were N120 P120 K120 and N240 P240 K240. The higher dozes of NPK caused an increase in both the humus and iron removal and destruction of aggregates. Mineralogical composition was determined by the X-ray and immersion methods in fractions: >0.01, 0.01 - 0.001. and <0.001 mm. The higher and non-balanced dozes of NPK contributed to the changes in minerals containing the biophilic elements (micas, chlorites, amphiboles) in the coarse-textured fractions of soils. The fertilizer’s potassium was fixed by labile clay minerals and transformed to a weakly available form for plants. Dozes of N120 P120 K120 were optimal. These dozes did not cause noticeable changes in minerals, but resulted in significant grass yield.
Field experiments were conducted in two localities: Prusy (50°07’ N; 20°04’ E – one experiment) and Wierzbica (50°29’ N; 19°45’ E – two experiments) in 2003. The objective of this study was to analyse the influence of agronomic factors on the grain yield and on the content of macroelements in grain of different forms of naked oat. In Wierzbica the grain yield was determined statistically by the genotype, the phosphorus and potassium fertilization and the application of the plants growth regulator Moddus. In Prusy grain yield was determined only by the genotype (cultivars, strains). A concentration of macroelements in forms of oat was statistically different. In both localities the phosphorus and potassium fertilization and foliar application of urea, in general, had not the statistical influence on the content of the macroelements. An exception is the influence of the foliar application of urea on the content of potassium. Plant growth regulator Moddus caused changes in the content of macroelements. These changes were not always statistically significant, but always increased the concentration of macroelements. The second plant growth regulator Promalin did not cause changes in the concentration of macroelements.
The Classical and other long-term experiments at Rothamsted Experimental Station illustrate the causes and effects of soil acidification. One hundred and fifty years of precipitation measurements show how atmospheric deposition has increased, causing acidification of grassland and woodland soils. Where applied, ammonium fertilisers cause very rapid acidification unless their effects are offset by the application of lime. Acidification causes the mobilisation and removal by leaching of base cations to be replaced by aluminium, manganese or iron, the reduction of base saturation and, in the long-term, the reduction of cation exchange capacity by the weathering of clay minerals. Mobilised toxic metals are taken up by vegetation growing on the acidified soils. Some plots of the Park Grass Experiment have acidified to sufficiently to cause the release of aluminium to be taken up in hay in amounts toxic to cattle - a Chemical Time Bomb.
This work evaluates effects of tablet fertilizers Silvamix, Silvamix Mg and Silvagen on height and diameter growth of a young plantation of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) after the third year of fertilizer application. The experiment was conducted on one experimental plot in the Low Tatra Mountains. The fertilizers were applied at a rate five tablets (50 g) per each tree, considering not treated trees as the control. The tablets were laid on the ground and thoroughly trodden into soil. ANOVA analysis did not reveal any significant effects of fertilizers on height and diameter growth of Norway spruce trees. The use of Silvagen resulted in significant effects on height growth of larch trees.
Rosnące zainteresowanie mikoryzacją roślin w szkółkach powoduje konieczność skorelowania rodzaju i ilości nawozu o spowolnionym działaniu z właściwościami podłoża, zwłaszcza jego kwasowością, gatunkiem rośliny oraz rodzajem i aktywnością grzybni mikoryzowej. Celem badań było określenie równomierności i powtarzalności dawki nawozów różnych producentów, dozowanych przy użyciu aplikatora „Strzelec”. Badania prowadzono z wykorzystaniem pięciu różnych nawozów o zróżnicowanym czasie (6-24 miesięcy) uwalniania składników pokarmowych. Rośliną testowaną był żywotnik. Każdą kombinację nawozową testowano na 200 roślinach. Badania wykazały, że największe przyrosty roślin w pierwszym roku wegetacji uzyskano przy zastosowaniu nawozów Basacote oraz Silvamix MG. Natomiast najlepszą równomierność spośród badanych nawozów uzyskano w przypadku nawozu Agri-Form MG. W przypadku wprowadzanych obecnie do praktyki szczepionek mikoryzowych uzasadnione jest podjęcie badań nad określeniem korelacji dawki nawozu i stosowanej mikoryzy.
Field experiment was carried out on the Didactic and Experimental Farm in Swadzim (52°26’ N; 16°45’ E) near Poznań, in the years 2004-2007. The three-factorial experiment was established in “split-plot” design with 4 replications. The reaction of two maize hybrid types on the application of 6 nitrogen doses and magnesium fertilization was studied. The influence of the studied factors on the content of chloroplast pigments in maize leaf blades in the phase of ear blooming (BBCH 67) was estimated. A greater content of chlorophyll a and a + b expressed in SPAD units was found in maize leaf blades of the stay-green type, as compared with leaf blades of the conventional Anjou 258 hybrid. Concentration of chlorophyll a and a + b was increasing in a linear way in the nitrogen range from 0 to 120 kg N·ha⁻¹, while the amount of chlorophyll expressed in SPAD units ranged from 0 to 150 kg N·ha⁻¹. The stay-green type hybrid showed to be better nourished with nitrogen, on the basis of chlorophyll content in maize leaf blades, in the phase of ear blooming (BBCH 67), in comparison with the conventional hybrid and, at the same time, a lower nitrogen fertilization was needed. A simultaneous fertilization with magnesium increased the content of chloroplast pigments, in comparison with the application of nitrogen only. With the increase in the assimilation area of a single maize plant and of a maize stand (LAI indicator), the chlorophyll concentration in leaf blades was decreasing in a linear way.
Effects of application of poultry manure, organo-mineral fertilizer, NPK soil or foliar applied at varying rates on cacao seedlings were studied in the nursery between January-May 2011 and December to April, 2012. Poultry manure at 40, 50 and 60g/plant significantly influenced cacao seedlings height and number of leaves over other treatments. The effect of organo-mineral fertilizer application at 50 and 60g per plant on the number of leaves was also significantly better than NPK soil or foliar applied, starting from 12 weeks after treatment application. The stem girth development under poultry manure at 50 and 60g per plant application had the best performance followed by poultry manure at 40g per plant. There were no significant differences in almost all the treatments at 5 weeks after sowing on seedlings stem girth. NPK has the longest tap root length while poultry manure had the largest average number of lateral roots followed by organo-mineral. The results thereby indicated that the use of poultry manure at 40 to 50g per plant and organomineral fertilizer as sources of nutrients had significant effects on cacao seedling quality.
Plant fertilization with iodine may be an alternative source of this element in human diet. Iodine influence on nitrogen metabolism in plants has not yet been thoroughly described. Thus, there is an urgent need to determine the effect of iodine application on nitrate(V) accumulation in plants. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of soil and foliar application of iodine forms (I-, IO3-) on nitrate accumulation and concentration of selected compounds in radish plants. The following treatments were applied in the experiment: 1 – control (without application of iodine), 2 – foliar application in KI form, 3 – foliar application in KIO3 form, 4 – soil fertilization in KI form, 5 – soil fertilization in KIO3 form, 6 – soil fertilization in KI form + foliar application in KI form, 7 – soil fertilization in KIO3 form + foliar application in KIO3 form. Soil fertilization with iodine was carried out before radish sowing to the level of 15 mg I·dm-3 soil. Foliar application of this element was performed twice using iodine solution in a concentration per pure element of 0.2%, in dose of 0.4 dm3· m-2. In all tested combinations with iodine treatment an increase of ammonium ion content in radish roots was observed in comparison to the control. Both, foliar nutrition with KI as well as nitrogen fertilization with KIO3 (combination 2 and 6, respectively) resulted in a significant increase of free amino acids concentration in radish roots. No significant influence of tested factors was noted for the root and leaf content of: dry mass, nitrates(V), nitrates(III) as well as root level of total soluble sugars and leaf concentration of photosynthetic pigments and ammonium ions in radish.
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