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The aim of the research was to assess changes in ghrelin, leptin and free fatty acids (FFA) levels in women’s blood after training. The research was carried out in women aged 45.55 ±11.33 years and with the BMI of 26.49 ±4.49. Health training at 50–66% VO2max took place twice a week for 9 months. In the baseline phase and in the 3rd, 6th and 9th month of the training, body mass and composition were measured, cardiorespiratory fitness was checked after a 10-minute exercise test on a cycloergometer, and fasting levels of ghrelin, leptin and FFA in the serum were assayed and 15 minutes after the exercise test. Body mass was reduced in the 6th month of the training. Fasting ghrelin level increased because of training, leptin and FFA decreased. After single 10-minute exercises performed every 3 months level of ghrelin and FFA increased while leptin decreased. An increase in ghrelin level in the blood after the single exercise can be the result of negative energy expenditure. An increase in fasting ghrelin level after training can be one of the adaptive physiological mechanisms connected with energy saving. A mechanism that is switched on as a result of a long-lasting stimulus that leads to energy losses, reduction in body mass and a decrease in leptin level in the blood.
Variability of cows' milk functional fatty acids level in grazing period. The aim of this study was to determine variation in the content of functional fatty acids (FFA) and to examine the value of the atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) indexes in cows' milk during the grazing season. The study was carried out in a low input farm located in Mazovia province. Milk samples were collected from eight lactating cows, which were in a similar phase of lactation (100± 30 day) during the 5 months grazing period (from June to October). Analysis of health-promoting compounds in examined milk lipid fraction was performed using capillary gas chromatography method. The highest concentrations of functional fatty acids of cows milk fat have been reported in September (32.91 g/100g of fat), substantially the lowest one at the beginning and at the end of grazing period (July and October). The most desirable (the lowest) values of AI and TI indexes were achieved in September and in July, respectively. The most favourable SCD activity and the levels of n6/n3 ratio have been presented in July. We concluded that the content of functional fatty acids in cows’ milk varies significantly in particular months of grazing period, influencing its health promoting quality.
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