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The objective of this study was to establish the composition of strawberry preparations rich in ellagitannins obtained using water or acetone extraction (EF and EP preparation, respectively). Then, biological effect of these extracts was assessed in 4-wk nutritional experiment on Wistar rats. The preparations were applied in cholesterol-containing diets that had equal content of ellagitannins (0.03%). To measure animals response, parameters describing the caecal fermentation (ammonia and short-chain fatty acid concentrations, bacterial enzymes activity), blood serum lipoprotein profile, and TBARS content in selected tissues (heart, liver, kidney) were assessed. Apart from polyphenols, including ellagitannins (7.8 and 7.1%, respectively), the EF preparation contained high quantities of soluble dietary fibre and other carbohydrates (33.3 and 38.9%, respectively), whereas the EP preparation was characterised by 58.9% content of ellagitannins, no dietary fibre and a high content of proanthocyanidins (16.9%). In comparison to EF group, the dietary treatment with EP had a stronger effect on caecal environment as manifested by decreased digesta bulk, ß-glucuronidase activity and total short-chain fatty acid concentration (P<0.05 vs. group C without supplementation). Both preparations lowered lipaemia and glycaemia. It could be concluded that more efficient acetone extraction of strawberry pomace increased the content of both ellagitannins and proanthocyanidins in the polyphenolic preparation, which caused a stronger inhibiting effect on caecal fermentation processes and at the same time lowered blood triacyl-glycerols and glucose level. Considering the equal content of ellagitannins in both supplemented diets, it may be speculated that the above effects were due to the presence of proanthocyanidin fraction.
The optimal times for the extraction of potato cuticular waxes with dichloromethane were established for three classes of compounds, namely 40 sec for alcohols and fatty acids, and 60 sec for alkanes, which is sufficient to isolate at least ca. 90% of wax components. A two-step extraction using two consecutive portions of a solvent ensured better recovery (ca. 94%) than a one-step procedure (49V60ÜS).
Four preparations of crude polysaccharides were obtained from Cedrela sinensis using four methods of extraction, and finally precipitation with ethanol. Hot-water and processes assisted by ultrasound and enzymes (Shearzyme or Viscozyme) were carried out. The yield of polysaccharide fraction extracted with the enzyme-assisted method using Shearzyme (P-EAS) was the highest at 10.53%. All crude saccharides were composed of six monosaccharides including arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, rhamnose, and xylose. Crude polysaccharide fraction extracted by hot water showed the highest DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities as well as α-amylase inhibitory activity. All fractions showed higher retardation effects on glucose and bile acid absorption using the in vitro dialysis system compared to the control (without polysaccharide fraction); specifically, the glucose retardation index of P-EAS was similar to that of carboxymethylcellulose. Overall, crude polysaccharide fractions obtained from C. sinensis can be used as functional ingredients owing to their excellent functional properties.
Obtaining adequate samples for nucleic acid or protein analysis from a limited number of cells can be a difficult task. The steps for isolation of DNA, cytoplasmic RNA and nuclear proteins from mononuclear cells collected from a single peripheral blood sample are outlined below. A previously described technique for rapid isolation of nuclear proteins was modified to acquire RNA and DNA of sufficient quantity and quality to perform analyses at the molecular level without altering the quality of protein extracted. This approach is applicable for use with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, primary cultures and immortalized cell lines.
Distribution and availability of heavy metals to plants is important when assessing the environmental quality of an area. The objectives of this study conducted in 2002 were: a) determine the levels of the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in the agricultural soils of the Bursa plain so that the degree of pollution could be ascertained, b) identify the various heavy metal forms present in soils using a fractionation scheme based on sequential extraction, and c) to find possible dependence on soil physicochemical properties. Total heavy metal content of the soils studied was generally higher than the levels reported in literature for similar soils, suggesting some degree of pollution with heavy metals. The exchangeable forms of the heavy metals, however, were very low, indicating that under present conditions, the availability of heavy metals to plants is at a minimum.
The influence of the extraction method to obtain orange and apple juice on the vitamin C content, total sugars, acidity, pH and extract was evaluated. For this purpose, the various devices-low-speed juicer, juicer were used to obtain material for the analysis. We also examined juices available in retail trade with similar parameters (one day juice for quick consumption). It has been shown that the method of the orange juices preparation had no significant effect on their chemical composition, and a clearly lower vitamin C content, were found in one day juice (21% lower). In case of the apple juice, the situation was different, one day juice was characterized by about 10 times higher content of ascorbic acid. The values of the other examined parameters only slightly differ. The lowest content of sugars in total was found In juices obtained in fast juicer. The results of titratable acidity, pH and extract were in accordance with the Polish Norm [16]. The obtained results indicate that the juices obtained in laboratory conditions using a slow and fast juicer are characterized by correct physicochemical parameters and can be consumed every day as one of the sources of vitamin C in a daily menu.
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