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Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), in contrast to the antigen used for the production of FMD vaccine, can replicate in animals. As a result of infection the specific antibody to the viral structural proteins (SPs) and non-structural proteins (NSPs) of FMDV are synthesized. The laboratory diagnostic methods based on individual NSPs, e.g. 3D, 2C and 2B, as well as polypeptides, such as 3AB and 3ABC can be used for differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). This article presents the aim, principle, methods and results of applying DIVA strategy in the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. The marker vaccines which enable differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and appropriate ELISA serological tests for detection of antibodies to the NSPs of FMDV have been described. DIVA strategy makes it possible to reduce the economic losses and restore possibilities of international trade in animals and animal products. This strategy may be an alternative of the administrative “stamping-out” eradication method. The essential aim of DIVA strategy is realization of the so-called “vaccinate-to-live” policy, which is based on the principle that vaccinated animals exposed to FMDV will not transmit the virus. These animals are not epidemiologically risky, and therefore do not have to be eliminated. It is necessary to develop new vaccines and improve those already used as well as the application of reliable diagnostic tests to detect FMDV in vaccinated livestock populations.
The paper presents the epidemiological situation regarding Aujeszky’s disease in pigs from the Wielkopolska region, starting from the first recorded cases of the disease in the 1950s. Serological studies carried out in the 1960s and 1970s detected seroreagents at the level of 11.1% and 12.8% respectively, while the results obtained in the years from 2001 to 2005 showed an infection of 9.2% of pigs that came from 15.6% of the tested herds. The occurrence of Aujeszky’s disease in pigs for over 60 years in the Wielkopolska region was the cause of the unfavorable epidemiological situation and economic problems in this area. The implementation of an eradication program for Aujeszky’s disease in pigs in of the Wielkopolska voivodeship started in May 2008, and in the first year 9.25% herds were discovered as infected, based on the positive results of serological testing. The level of infection in the following years of the program (2009-2013) revealed a rapid decreasing tendency to the levels of: 6.55%, 2.5%, 0.26%, 0.03% and 0.007%, respectively, in each year. In the period from 2008 to 2013, within the scope of the program in the Wielkopolska voivodeship, 2 578 652 serological tests were performed, and the eradication was based either on the principle of “vaccination–eradication”, or the slaughter of all animals in infected herds with a small herd size. During the implementation of the eradication program for Aujeszky’s disease, 1 709 204 pigs were vaccinated with the usage of deleted vaccine, and 119 537 were slaughtered. Since the beginning of 2014 extensive monitoring studies have been carried out, and on 5 August 2014, all 34 counties of the Wielkopolska voivodeship have been declared as free of Aujeszky’s disease. Maintaining this status in the forthcoming years will allow the recognition of the entire Polish territory officially free of Aujeszky’s disease virus in pigs.
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious and fatal disease of sheep and goats which significantly affects the production of meat and milk, farm incomes and people’s overall standard of living, contributing to famine and poverty, especially in developing countries of Africa and Asia. This publication presents issues concerning the emergence of this disease of domestic and wild small ruminants, the characteristics of the disease agent and epidemiological situation for over 70 years. The article concentrates on the growing risk of the spread of the disease to new areas. The authors present information concerning the prevention and effective control of the disease, as well as the possibilities of limiting its spread. The latest views on the prospects for developing a global program of eradicating this transboundary animal disease are also discussed.
The role of vaccines in the control of different infectious diseases of animals and in the eradication of their etiological agents in their organisms (carriership) was evaluated. The following diseases were the subject of this review: foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever, highly pathogenic avian influenza, Aujeszky’s disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and diseases caused by facultatively pathogenic microorganisms. After a time period when the stamping out method was recommended, in some cases totally replacing vaccination, the present approach particularly with regards to eradication and gaining or regaining the status of free zones or countries of the disease in question, was presented. Using the vaccination of non infected animals around the zone of disease occurrence, especially with marker vaccines and the application of DIVA strategy, which enables differentiating infected and vaccinated animals, a more effective and less expensive way leading to the eradication of infection and of elimination of the disease being the prerequisite of the status of freedom of disease was proposed. The paper indicates that in relation to diseases caused by facultatively pathogenic microorganisms the role of vaccines is restricted to their control. Since a commonly occurring carriership without an influence on the productivity of animals occurs, in this case the eradication is without importance.
The purpose of the article was to characterize the progress achieved in Europe during the last two decades on the control of classical swine fever (CSF) in domestic pigs and the wild boar population in Europe. RT-PCR and other findings based on molecular biology, improving laboratory diagnosis and enabling the use of DIVA strategy in vaccination, were mentioned. The classical swine fever virus (CSFV) using genome sequencing could be divided into 3 genotypes. Genotype 1 and 2 could be subdivided into 3 subgenotypes, each and genotype 3 in 4 subgenotypes. These results enabled the implementation of tracing the spread of particular strains of CSFV and the definition of the origin of the infection, what earlier was not possible. A special database of these findings is located in the E.U. and OIE Reference Laboratory for CSF in the Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Hannover, Germany. In the second part of the paper the current epidemiological situation concerning CSF in domestic pigs and the wild boar population is characterized. It relates to Germany and France, Slovakia and Hungary, Lithuania and Latvia, Romania, Bulgaria and the Balkan region. Besides E.U. member countries also other European countries are mentioned. It is underlined, that the wild boar population plays a crucial role as the reservoir of CSFV in Europe. In connection with this statement a working group on CSF in wild boar of the Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection (DGSANCO) of the European Commission initiated a common data base on the epidemiology of CSF in wild boar. In parallel to collecting CSFV isolates and sequences data concerning strains from domestic pigs the same information from wild boar is collected. All these data are to disposal of the national Reference Laboratories for CSF worldwide. The paper, at the end, presents recommendations concerning progress in the control and eradication of CSF, mentioning the significant role of vaccination with the use of DIVA strategy particularly for the wild boar population. Despite of the achieved progress, taking into account the present epidemiologic situation in Europe it is stated, that CSF still belongs to the most important viral diseases in pigs in Europe and also worldwide.
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