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In 2006 and early 2007, three major infectious diseases occurred in various parts of the world. The first was the continuation in some countries of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), due to virus subtype H5N1. The second was the first documented expansion of bluetongue (BT) in the northern hemisphere reaching a latitude as high as 52°36’41” N. The third was the reoccurrence of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in certain areas of the world. In 2006 a total of 47 countries: Africa (8), Asia (15) and Europe (24), reported HPAI outbreaks due to H5N1. This paper contains details about the global epidemic situation of this disease. The first occurrence of BT in August 2006 in the Netherlands and afterwards in other Northern European countries was related to climate changes in the direction of the greenhouse effect, enabling the colonization of this region by different Culicoides species being vectors of BT virus. The epizootic situation of this disease, particularly in Northern Europe, was characterized. FMD continued to be a major epizootic disease in the Middle East and was difficult to control because of the traditional large-scale movements of animals in this region. The article also mentions other countries where FMD was diagnosed in 2006 and 2007 such as Turkey, East Amman. Israel, the Palestinian Autonomous Territories, Egypt, Botswana, Guinea, South African Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, People’s Republic of China, Vietnam, Ecuador, Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia, and identifies its serotypes.
Thirty seven pregnant heifers were imported from Germany to the Legnica district. Both in imported animals and in local cattle symptoms resembling IBR appeared one week after the introduction of the imported animals. Clinical symptoms were more pronounced in the local cattle. Sera from 35 imported heifers and 69 local cattle were examined against IBR by the SNT and ELISA (Trachitest, Bommeli). Positive results with BHV-1 were obtained with 82.9% sera of imported heifers in ELISA and with 48.6% of sera in the SNT. After 3 months of exposition of local cattle 74% of these animals reacted positively in ELISA and 55% in the SNT. Clinical symptoms and serological data confirmed the fact that BHV-1 was transferred with the imported animals and that this virus caused dangerous effects herds free of BHV-1.
Epizootics of Toxoplasma gondii in wild and breed animals are relatively rare as compared with the percentage of positive results of serological tests. They were most often noted in sheep, goat, dogs and pigeons, less often in other species. Economical loses caused by the toxoplasmosis in large stocks farming, especially of sheep and goat are often very significant. The acquired toxoplasmosis spreads most often in oral and sexual way, other ways of infection are much less common. In carnivorous animals the cyst of T. gondii is of primary importance for the infection while in herbivorous ones the oocyst plays the main role. In omnivorous species, including humans, both forms of parasite are equally important. The change of host by means of a natural passage can lead to a decrease or an increase of pathogeneity of a strain of T. gondii, and in the latter case the host most often dies. Thus the strains of T. gondii of a moderate pathogeneity for their host have the best chance of survival and further passage in nature. Serological test OWD and OSF are not appropriate for bird serum since they give false negative results. The test OA-2ME enables an easy recognition of new infections past toxoplasmosis cases, being useful in preventing and controlling the toxoplasmosis. It is important in large stock farming, especially endangered by parasite invasions.
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