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The extemal effects of agriculture has got strong link with classical agricultural production. These extemals appear in the soil, in water, in air, and in biodiversity. The key factor of high yield is the soil fertility. The conventional farming system uses all over the filed the highest average amount of fertilizer (synthetic or organic). Precision farming technology is able to ameliorate economic, environmental and social impacts of the agricultural production. The elements of the agricultural production are the same with conventional and with precision farming technology only the amount of the input and the working time are different. So the type of the external is also the same but the dimension of the effect is different. This paper examined the external effects change with adopting precision farming technolog.
Unfavorable light conditions in urban areas are one of the most important cause of inappropriate grass communities condition. The possibility to detect the plant stress caused by shade is an important element in shaping the environment. The answer to following questions: what is the ability to detect the stress caused by shade in chosen lawn varieties of Perennial ryegrass by using the chlorophyll a fluorescence (O-J-I-P test) and which of tested varieties has the best properties to create grasslands in reduced light conditions is the aim of this work. Two-factor experimental micro-plot was conducted with three varieties and three different shadowing variants. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements were provided and were compared to leaf density. Our results explored significant difference between selected varieties in the terms of their photosynthetic apparatus adaption to light conditions. During May, all tested varieties were characterized by the rise of all fluorescence curve points under lower light intensity. The largest changes under shade conditions were noticed for the variety ‘Taya’. During next months a declining trend of photosynthetic effi ciency for this variety was observed. On the basis of our results, we assume that each variety has unique threshold and needs of light intensity.
One of the critical aspects which has been emphasized at UNCED conference is utilization of coastal areas and its issues. Considering the afore-mentioned critical problems, the coasts of the Caspian Sea are of particular importance. The Caspian Sea is located between five countries: Iran, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Russia and Kazakhstan. The area, with high and specific ecological capabilities, is very suitable to urban development. There is no doubt that development and industrialization might provide socio-economic welfare to the area-dependent inhabitants, but socio-environmental issues could be generated by improper application of technology and industry. As hurried development, without carrying-out environmental impact assessment in watersheds of the Caspian Sea, might impose adverse effects on the environmental quality of the water body, the present study intends to execute Land Degradation Model (LDM) and determination of ecological susceptibility of terrestrial ecosystems using the Object-Oriented Method in sub-watersheds of the water body. Since long-term environmental issues could not immediately be solved by technological approaches, understanding the relationship between development and environmental protection and consideration of environmental impact assessment (EIA) as an important planning tool in planning process, are being focused in order to achieve sustainable development.
The main aim of the study was to identify and evaluate the progress of implementation of selected assumptions on sustainability of agriculture in countries of Central-Eastern Europe in relation to environmental protection. Data from the input-output balance sheets and the European Environmental Accounts were used to realize the aim of the study. The analysis considered material flows to and from agriculture, pollution, and the production and consumption of biomass. The share of the participation of agribusiness sphere I, including mainly services, as well as the fuel, energy and chemical industries, has been increasing in the material inflows to agriculture in the countries of Central- Eastern Europe. This indicates production modernization, associated with a higher load on the environment. The highest emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants into the environment per 1,000 euro GDP were recorded in Lithuania, Romania and Latvia. The Czech Republic, Slovenia and Slovakia have the lowest values of emissions. In Latvia, there was no overall reduction in pollution emitted by agriculture in 2008–2012. Emission of these pollutants per 1,000 euro GDP and 1 ha UAA (utilized agricultural area) of agricultural land decreased in most countries in the analysis. In EU countries of Central-Eastern Europe, a reduction in direct material input and domestic consumption of biomass from agriculture per one euro of GDP is reported. These changes indicate a decrease in the intensity of use of natural resources (dematerialising economy), which is consistent with the objectives of sustainable development. In countries where agriculture is better developed, the implementation of pro-environmental goals of sustainable development takes place to a greater extent than in countries with lower levels of socio-economic development.
Mixtures of fly ash and slugs were subjected to laboratory tests in order to estimate their influence on natural water and soil condition in order to check their possible application towards for recultivaton or landfilling. The chemical composition of the mixtures and their extracts obtained with solutions of sulphuric acid (pH 2 or 4) as eluent (simulating acid rain) were determined. Assuming the criteria to be met by drinking water specified by the European Union and WHO documents, it was established that the heavy metals content in the fly ash and slug mixtures is not expected to have a negative effect on underground water.
The rural population, estimated at one third of Lithuania’s population, obtains drinking water from shallow wells. Drinking water from shallow wells is polluted, for the most part, with nitrate, which is of general concern not only in Lithuania but in other countries. The purpose of our study is to establish the relationship of nitrate pollution in the water of shallow wells to precipitation level and temperature, as well as to assess the impact of well construction and environmental conditions on this kind of pollution. The results of this work showed that about 66% of all investigated wells are nitrate polluted. The results of long-term research have demonstrated that the highest nitrate concentration in the water of shallow wells occurs in March through July, and the lowest nitrate concentration in September through February. A strong correlation between nitrate concentration, precipitation amount and air temperature was established in summer. Correlations established in other seasons are not significant. The strongest impact on nitrate pollution of the wells is related to the distances of the well to the outhouse, cowshed, manure pile and vegetable garden, as well as the surroundings of the well and local human activities. The estimated coefficients of multiple linear regression allow forecasting the nitrate pollution of the wells as a function of these factors.
This paper presents results of physical chemistry research on solutes leached from mine waste dumps. Radioactivity research of that solutes is also included, taking into consideration its usage in earth constructions of hydraulic engineering. The research was done on samples taken from eight coal mine waste dumps. Impact on the water environment of that solutes was assessed, together with their radioactivity effect.
Transformation techniques are making it possible to produce novel and unusual plant phenotypes. When considering the environmental impact of these, it is important to do so in the context of what is known about conventional plant breeding and the thousands of varieties that have been produced during this century and earlier. There has now been over ten years of experience of environmental impact assessment with transgenic plants, and research has enabled that assessment process to be better informed scientifically. There are, however, important challenges for the future. Fundamental changes in plant biology, including enhanced tolerance to stressful environments, may create a class of plants that are different from those that have been produced so far, and there may be lessons to be learnt from the experience worldwide of the release of exotic species into different countries. Scale-dependent effects of transgenic plants in agriculture can only effectively be measured by large scale production and monitoring. The monitoring process presents a number of challenges to provide oversight that is meaningful and helpful in assessing environmental impact. The international transboundary movement of transgenic plants is already a reality, and it is important that our environmental impact assessments take this possibility into account. This includes both intentional transboundary movement, through trade of commodity crops, but also unintentional transboundary movement, including the possibility of seeds being moved by animals, by transportation and by humans across the world. There are some major challenges in devising agricultural strategies for the transgenic crops that will become available in the future. The responsibility for developing agricultural strategy rests at a number of levels. To achieve this, it will be necessary to have effective dialogue between the regulatory authorities, the plant breeding and agrochemical industries, and the farming industry. There are already encouraging moves in this direction and hopefully this will continue.
Celem pracy jest weryfikacja oceny oddziaływania na środowisko przedsięwzięcia polegającego na eksploatacji piasku wydmowego w miejscowości Wilcza Wola w gminie Dzikowiec leżącej na terenie obszaru Natura 2000 Puszcza Sandomierska – oraz Sokołowsko-Wilczowolskiego Obszaru Chronionego Krajobrazu. W pracy zaprezentowano charakterystykę kopalni piasku oraz wyniki badań i analiz możliwego jej negatywnego oddziaływania na poszczególne elementy środowiska przyrodniczego na etapie realizacji, eksploatacji oraz likwidacji. Osiągnięcie tego celu było możliwe dzięki szczegółowej analizie danych zawartych w raporcie o oddziaływaniu na środowisko przedsięwzięcia p.n. „Eksploatacja piasku wydmowego ze złoża «Wilcza Wola»”, analizie aktów prawnych, a także badaniom terenowym oraz zastosowanym do weryfikacji przeprowadzonej oceny oddziaływania na środowisko wytycznym, które zawarte są w Dyrektywie siedliskowej [Dyrektywa… 1992].
Annual concentrations of SO₂ and PM have decreased in Kraków since the early 1970s by 70-80%. At present, both pollutants still show the same seasonal pattern as in the 1970s, with maximum in winter and minimum in summer. PM10 is the most abundant air pollutant reaching permanently the levels far behind the allowed values. Since 2001, an increasing concentration trend has been observed, while the concentrations of SO₂ usually stay below the allowed limits. The concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ have been measured since 1992. The allowed values of NO₂ are exceeded only in the high-traffic site (about 10 times per year) while the levels of O₃ are usually within the allowed limits. Studies concerning plant and animal contamination with heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cu) show that cadmium is at present the main danger. In spite of a significant improvement of aerosanitary conditions in Kraków after 1990, negative long-term effects of air pollution on human health can be still observed, especially in children.
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