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Sustainable energy development implies an effective use of economic, human, technological, renewable and non-renewable natural resources. The gradual process of natural environment degradation and the inevitable exhaustion of natural fossil fuel deposits force the search for alternatives. A comparison of alternative opportunities to generate energy allows to identify their advantages and drawbacks. The article attempts a systematic review of factors ‘in favour of’ and ‘against’ the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in accordance with the principle of sustainable development. The study applies descriptive methods, including comparisons. CSO and ERO were the sources of data for 1988- 2018. According to sustainable development principles, investments in RE need to be widely promoted and supported by the state, especially in rural areas. The attempt to systematise factors contributing to the use of renewable energy resulted in the identification of: the importance of economic circumstances and the traditional approach to the energy sector; the need to protect the natural environment by the reduction of pollution and mitigation of the greenhouse effect; the need for continuing the education of society on the implementation and fast development of technology and the desire to enhance self-reliance and independence in energy supply with a special consideration of rural areas.
The production of renewable energy from biomass, including seeds and their products (oil), is of high importance. The basis of that production may be the cultivation of plants “typical” for a certain region. Lower importance is put on marginal plants, such as willow, topinambur etc. These plants cannot rival plants like rapeseed, potato, corn, cereal, in spite of the fact that they produce a lot of green mass. In many countries of the EU, including Poland, the highest importance is put on the production of biodiesel used as biofuel in self-ignition combustion engines. The availability of locally produced biofuels would cause greater independence from external factors.
The paper includes the issues related to sustainable development in the energy-using sectors in the European Union countries. The paper presents the analysis of participation of renewable energy in the total energy consumption in these sectors of the European economy. It was found that participation of renewable energy in the total energy balance continues to increase, differs in each country and is not dependent on the macroeconomic situation. Strong positive correlation between participation of renewable energy and afforestation rate was found, which is caused by largely involvement of biomass in renewable energy. The research indicates that the economic aspect for sustainable energy development is of low importance, the ethical field and the need to preserve resources for future generations are crucial.
This paper analyzes energy sources climate northeastern Montenegro, in the example municipalities Berane, Andrijevica and Plav in a geographical context its exploitation and use. Analyzed GeoScape from the standpoint of utilization of wind energy lose their its attractiveness due to high altitude mountain ranges that dominate in given area, it is the windy areas, often the located on slopes of the mountains, and most of them did not connected to the existing road network and infrastructure. The use of solar thermal energy is possible only with the help of passive solar architecture and active solar architecture (solar collectors for water heating and space heating in homes and tourist facilities). Program development and use of renewable energy in Montenegro, given the Energy Law of 2010 in which Montenegro has implemented parts of EU directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of energy from renewable sources.
Mitigation of man-made climate change, rapid depletion of readily available fossil fuel reserves and facing the growing energy demand that faces mankind in the near future drive the rapid development of economically viable, renewable energy production technologies. It is very likely that greenhouse gas emissions will lead to the significant climate change over the next fifty years. World energy consumption has doubled over the last twenty-five years, and is expected to double again in the next quarter of the 21st century. Our biosphere is at the verge of a severe energy crisis that can no longer be overlooked. Solar radiation represents the most abundant source of clean, renewable energy that is readily available for conversion to solar fuels. Developing clean technologies that utilize practically inexhaustible solar energy that reaches our planet and convert it into the high energy density solar fuels provides an attractive solution to resolving the global energy crisis that mankind faces in the not too distant future. Nature’s oxygenic photosynthesis is the most fundamental process that has sustained life on Earth for more than 3.5 billion years through conversion of solar energy into energy of chemical bonds captured in biomass, food and fossil fuels. It is this process that has led to evolution of various forms of life as we know them today. Recent advances in imitating the natural process of photosynthesis by developing biohybrid and synthetic “artificial leaves” capable of solar energy conversion into clean fuels and other high value products, as well as advances in the mechanistic and structural aspects of the natural solar energy converters, photosystem I and photosystem II, allow to address the main challenges: how to maximize solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency, and most importantly: how to store the energy efficiently and use it without significant losses. Last but not least, the question of how to make the process of solar energy conversion into fuel not only efficient but also cost effective, therefore attractive to the consumer, should be properly addressed.
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Ukrainian agriculture has a great potential for development in the framework of globalization and EU enlargement. The main direction for this aim is increasing of competitiveness of agricultural products through improvement of agricultural education and research. Taken under consideration the energy problems that world economy faces more and more, agriculture should play important role in keeping a country’s energy balance by supplying renewable energy sources like biodiesel, ethanol, and hard organic fuel.
The increase in interest in firewood, wooden residue and post production byproducts and timber fuels has been generated by growing ecological awareness of the society as well as conventional energy sources price rise. In recent years ever more significance has been gained by pellet due to high stability and the possibility of automation of co-firing process. Development prospects of that thoroughly modern ecological fuel to a large extend are conditioned by price of heat unit generated from it. In the article pellet price analysis on the domestic market between 2004 and 2010 has been carried out as well as increase in prices of other energy sources in the period between 2001 and 2010 have been presented. Following the calculation of useful exploitation cost of heat unit derived from various fuels profitability of their usage in relation to pellet has been determined.
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