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During exclusion of the land from market production for two vegetation seasons the highest energy outlays were incurred for maintaining the black fallow and the lowest for the herbicide fallow. In winter wheat production technique the highest energy outlays (15 800 MJ ha⁻¹) were incurred in materials. In the group of outlays for materials, 66.4% were fertilizers, 31.4% the sowing material and just 2.2% the plants protection media. The second largest flow of energy outlays consisted of energy carriers at 1754.1 MJ ha⁻¹, among which the largest shares were those of soil cultivation 54.3%, harvest 17.9% and crops cultivation 13.2%. Tractors and machines were the third largest energy consumers group (731.1 MJ ha⁻¹), where the demand structure was as follows: 35.5% harvest, 34.5% soil cultivation and 15% crops cultivation, fertilization 9.2% and sowing 5.8%. Among the agricultural technique components, fertilization and sowing had the largest share representing respectively 58.0% and 27.8% of all outlays. Among the compared three-field rotation system components, the highest energy efficiency coefficient of 9.9 was achieved while cultivating winter wheat after two-years of red clover, which was coupled with the lowest energy outlays for production of 1 cereal unit. The lowest energy efficiency coefficient (5.4) was achieved in the crops rotation system component of black fallow – black fallow – winter wheat.
In this paper, the influence of surface load of heating plates and degree of fineness of champignon fruits (Agaricus bisporus L) on the energy consumption in the freeze drying process was studied. The experimental researches were carried out for five material load levels of heating plates (6, 8, 10, 12, 14 kgm-2) and at the constant temperature (323K) and pressure of heating plates (63 Pa), after preliminary freezing of raw material to 248K. When the heating load was low (form 6 to 8 kgm-2), the degree of fineness of raw material had no influence on the specific energy requirements needed to heat of plates and to dry the raw material. However, the increase of heating load from 10 to 14 kgm-2 resulted in the increase of specific energy inputs with the increasing degrees of fineness.
The seasonal patterns of nonshivering thermogeneis (NST), resting metabolic rate (RMR) at 15"C and 25"C in plateau pikas Ochotona curzoniae {Hodgson, 1858) and root voles Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776), from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, were determined and thermal conductance was calculated. NST tended to increase during cold season for both species. No significant seasonal variations in NST were found in pikas {mean maximum in winter: 3.46 ± 0.19 ml Oa/g-h; minimum in spring: 3.07 + 0,16 ml Ou/g-h). Voles increased NST significantly as the ambient temperature decreased, from the lowest, mean 8.00 ± 0.42 ml Oa/g-h, in summer to the peak in winter, mean 11.29 i 0.44 ml Os/g* h. RJV1R and thermal conductance were lower in winter than those in summer for both species (mean in summer at 25'C: 4.96 + 0.35 ml 02/g-h and 0.509 ± 0.027 ml Oa/g-h-"C for voles and 2.11 ± 0,09 ml Os/g-h and 0.179 ± 0.003 ml Oa/g-h-'C for pikas, respectivly; mean in winter at 25°C: 4.22 ± 0.26 mlOa/g*h and 0.379 ± 0.012 mlCVg-h-'C for voles and 1.55 ± 0.06 ml Oa/g-h and 0.123 ± 0.003 ml Oa/g-h'"C for pikas, respectively). Voles lost body weights in winter whereas pikas kept their body weights. This suggests that alpine small mammals, which have high levels of metabolism and thermal conductance, mainly depend on increasing thermogenic capacities and insulation, decreasing energy ex­penditure per individual, augmented by behavoral adjustments to cope with cold temperatres of winter.
Ozonation was carried out for decolorization and COD removal of raw and anaerobically treated UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) combined industrial (mainly textile) effluent in a lab-scale bubble column reactor. Ozonation of anaerobic bioprocess effluent at a dose of 300 mg/h for 10 min resulted in 81% color and 75% COD removal (100 mgO3/80 mg COD) while for raw wastewater 25 min ozonation furnished 51% color and 67% COD removal (250 mgO₃/345 mg COD). Optimal process conditions for biotreated effluent (pH = 8 and temperature = 25°C) resulted in 100% color and 96% COD removal for 10 min ozonation (100 mgO₃/104 mg COD). Electrical energy comparison demonstrated that post ozonation required less electrical energy, 16 and 2.9 times as compared to pre ozonation.
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