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Adipokinetic hormones (AKH) are synthesized in endocrine cells of the glandular corpora cardiaca, in the anterior part of the retrocerebral complex. AKH plays an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates that fuel energydepleting activities such as flight and walking. To date, the primary sequences of eight isoforms from various beetle species have been elucidated. In this study, the glandular part of the CC from two Ladybird beetles, Cheilomenes lunata and Coccinella septempunctata were directly analysed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Subsequently, the amino acid sequences of both putative novel AKHs were confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry.
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Essential hypertension is a complex disease with both genetic and environmental determinants. The effect of spontaneous hypertension on the distribution and occurrence of somatostatin-, gastrin- and serotonin-immunoreactive cells in the fundus and pylorus of the rat stomach was examined by immunohistochemistry. The animals were killed by decapitation at 4 and 16 weeks of age (5 control rats and 5 hypertensive rats). Endocrine cells generally increase in number in hypertensive rats as compared to control rats. However, the detailed responses of endocrine cells to hypertension depend on the cell type, region of gastric mucosa and age of animals. The present results suggest that hypertension has an influence on the intrinsic regulatory system by endocrine cells control in the rat stomach.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Candidatus Helicobacter suis (CHS) and other Helicobacter sp. different from Candidatus Helicobacter suis (non-Candidatus Helicobacter suis, non-CHS) infection on the number of endocrine G and D cells and G/D cells ratio in antral gastric mucosa in swine. Twenty nine stomachs were obtained from clinical healthy pigs about 6 months old and weighing approximately 100-120 kg after slaughter at abattoir located in central Poland. From each stomach samples of the antral gastric mucosa were taken for histopathology, and PCR examination for presence of Helicobacter genus and Candidatus Helicobacter suis. Samples for histopathology and immunohistochemistry were fixed in 10% buffered formalin. To reveal the expression of gastrin- and somatostatin-producing cells specific antibodies were used. Selected endocrine cells were counted in the midzone of pyloric glands, the results were expressed as a mean of the number of immunoreactive cells in one microscopic field, and as the ratio of gastrin to somatostatin cells (G/D). It can be concluded that some species of swine Helicobacter can alter the number of endocrine cells in gastric antral mucosa. Some of these alterations, for example increase the number of G cells, decrease of the D cells and especially increase of ratio G to D cells can be responsible for development of gastroesophageal ulcers in swine.
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Metabolic disorders induced by impairment of renal parenchyma functions affect the activity of the endocrine cells of the APUD system, which are of importance in the intrinsic regulatory system in the digestive tract. For this reason, the author decided to investigate the behaviour of neuroendocrine cells in experimental uraemia, taking somatostatin-producing cells as an example. The aim of the present study was to examine the number and distribution of somatostatin-containing cells in the pylorus of rats with uraemia. Segments of the gastric pylorus were collected 1, 2 and 4 weeks after nephrectomy. Paraffin-embedded sections were stained with H+E and by silver impregnation. To identify the neuroendocrine cells, on immunohistochemical reaction was performed with a specific antibody against somatostatin. It was found that the number of ST-immunoreactive cells in the stomach of the rats significantly decreased one week after nephrectomy and then considerably increased two and four weeks after the uraemia-inducing surgery as compared with the values in the control animals. The results can be regarded as a morphological manifestation of the hyperreaction of somatostatin-producing endocrine cells in the rat stomach to disorders in the internal environment of the body induced by impairment of renal parenchyma function.
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