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The interaction of epibrassinolide (epiBL) with gibberellins (GA3 and GA4+7) in tulip stem growth were studied. When stem length was about 10.0 cm, excision of all leaves and flower bud almost fully inhibited the stem growth in tulips. Epibrassinolide (epiBL) applied at a concentration of 100 nM or 300 nM did not induce tulip stem growth. The application of GA3 or GA4+7 at the concentration of 250 mg·dm-3 alone at all the internodes, after excision of all leaves and flower bud, induced slightly the increase length of all internodes. GA4+7 stimulated stem growth more than GA3. The application of gibberellins in the mixture with epiBL stimulated the growth of tulip shoot much more than gibberellins alone.
The styloid process is a bony projection, located just anterior to the stylomastoid foramen, the normal length of which is approximately 20–25 mm. Elongation of the process may cause various clinical symptoms such as neck and cervicofacial pain, described as Eagle’s syndrome. The present study aimed to determine the mean length of the styloid process on cadavers, panoramic radiographs, and dry skulls, and to investigate the incidence of the elongated styloid process, while assessing the elongation in relation to Eagle’s syndrome. When the measurements from the panoramic radiographs were assessed, the mean length of the styloid processes in males and females on the right and left sides were found to be the following: 25.78 ± 5.68 mm; 22.69 ± 3.68 mm, 25.80 ± 5.75 mm; and 22.75 ± 3.65 mm, respectively. The males had greater styloid process lengths than the females, and the differences in length on both the right and left sides were statistically significant. Descriptive statistics and comparison results according to age groups were determined. There was no statistically significant difference between right or left styloid process lengths according to age groups. The mean length of the styloid process of the cadavers and dry bones was 22.54 ± 4.24, and there was no significant difference between the right and left sides of the cadavers and dry bones. The incidence of the elongated styloid process was determined as 3.3%, and the elongations revealed a female dominance. The average length of the elongated styloid process was 36.06 ± 6.12 mm, while the mean length of the styloid processes of the subjects reporting Eagle’s syndrome was 40 ± 4.72 mm. The results of this morphological study will assist clinicians in the diagnosis of Eagle’s syndrome. (Folia Morphol 2009; 68, 4: 265–270)
Fruit apricot dimensions, weight, size and shape are the most commonly measured pomological properties. The size and shape features of 13 apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars and promising Serbian selections grown in Western Serbia were investigated using a multivariate analysis. The apricots promoted fruits wider than long in shape, except ‘Harcot’, ‘T 7’, ‘Précoce de Tyrinthe’, ‘Roksana’ and ‘Vera’, whereas all cultivars and selections are wider than thick. Most of cultivars and/or selections tend to round shape. Mean values for fruit and stone weight, flesh rate, geometric mean diameter, kernel weight, sphericity, aspect ratio, surface area and volume ranged from 37.09 to 81.60 g, 2.71 to 4.18 g, 91.93 to 96.46%, 41.76 to 65.08 mm, 0.60 to 1.17 g, 0.94 to 1.03, 95.04 to 108.09%, 55.13 to 133.77 cm2 and 38.31 to 145.10 cm3 , respectively. For the most of attributes evaluated, ‘Roksana’ had the highest values. A high correlation was found among some physical attributes. According to their 22 properties, the apricots grouped into five clusters. There was either relative independence or close correspondence among the evaluation indexes of apricot fruit quality. Principal components analysis showed that the first three principal components variance accumulation contribution rate amounted to 85.77%, which reflected most of the size and shape characteristics of apricots.
The present paper studies the perceived orientation of line patterns with variable elongation, line length, orientation jitter, and presentation time. It evaluates whether the internal noise and sampling efficiency evaluated by equivalent noise paradigm (Pelli 1981) depend on the spatial configuration and temporal characteristics of the stimulation. The evaluated internal noise was compared to the results of double-pass noise estimation. In addition, the eye movements of the participants during active exploration of the line patterns were recorded and analyzed with respect to the stimulus characteristics. The results indicate the presence of late internal noise and show that the internal noise and sampling efficiency strongly depend on the elongation, duration and line length of the patterns. The response time increases with the orientation jitter and with the variability in line length of the patterns. It is longer also near the reference orientation for the low levels of added external noise. These results contradict some of the major assumptions of the variance-summation model and question its applicability in characterizing the perceived orientation of multi-element patterns.
The effect of disulfide and sulfhydryl reagents on the rate of abortive and productive elongation has been studied using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme and poly[d(A-T)] as template. In the presence of UTP as a single substrate and UpA as a primer, the enzyme catalyzed efficiently the synthesis of the trinucleotide product UpApU. Incubation of RNA polymerase with 1 mM 2-mercaptoethanoi resulted in a 5-fold increase of the rate of UpApU synthesis. In contrast, incubation of the enzyme with 1 mM 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic) acid resulted in a 6-fold decrease of the rate of abortive elongation. Determination of the steady state kinetic constants associated with UpApU synthesis disclosed that the disulfide and sulfhydryl reagents mainly affected the rate of UpApU release from the ternary transcription complexes and therefore influenced the stability of such complexes.
The goal of the present study was to investigate interrelations between the action of FC and lead on the elongation growth and proton extrusion in maize coleoptile segments. It was found that the FC-induced growth of maize coleoptile segments was enhanced ca. 2.8-fold as compared to the endogenous growth (growth without FC). Pb caused different effect depending on the time of lead addition. Lead applied to the incubation medium at 0 time reduced the FC-induced growth by 30%, whereas Pb added to the incubation medium at 60, 120, 240 min not significantly affected the FC- induced growth. Acidification of the incubation medium observed in the presence of FC was not changed by lead.
Zbadano wpływ fluropirimidolu w stężeniach: 7,5 mg‧dm⁻³, 15 mg‧dm⁻³, 30 mg‧dm⁻³, 60 mg‧dm⁻³, oraz etefonu w stężeniach: 500 mg‧dm⁻³, 1000 mg‧dm⁻³, 2000 mg‧dm⁻³ oraz 4000 mg‧dm⁻³, na elongację pędów i trwałość ciętych kwiatów tulipana ‘Apeldoorn’s Elite’ i ‘Rococo’. Stwierdzono, że wzrost w wazonie pędów odmiany ‘Apeldoorn’s Elite’ skutecznie ogranicza opryskiwanie ich lub 20 godzinne kondycjonowanie po ścięciu w roztworze fluropirimidolu w stężeniu 60 mg‧dm⁻³. Wydłużanie się pędów odmiany ‘Rococo’ najskuteczniej hamuje fluropirimidol w stężeniu 60 mg‧dm⁻³ stosowany w formie 20 godzinnego kondycjonowania przed umieszczeniem kwiatów w wazonie. Kondycjonowanie w roztworze fluropirimidolu o stężeniu 60 mg‧dm⁻³ wykazuje pozytywny wpływ na trwałość ciętych kwiatów ‘Apeldoorn’s Elite’ i ‘Rococo’. Etefon w stężeniu 1000-4000 mg‧dm⁻³, ze względu na uszkadzanie tkanek, nie powinien być stosowany do hamowania wzrostu ciętych tulipanów w wazonie.
The response of aerial parts of lemon balm and basil to 7-day soil drought and root submergence (waterlogging) was studied. Drought-subjected basil plants inhibited the growth of their shoots, and water content in leaves dropped to ca. 60% of leaf fresh weight, whereas growth of lemon balm was not affected and water content was ca. 70%. Gas exchange of lemon balm was stopped, which was considered an adaptive feature, and fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll a (Fv/Fm and Fv/F0) were not influenced. On the contrary, basil had its transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and fluorescence parameters at the level of 40% of control, and CO2 exchange switched from net photosynthesis to respiration. In the case of waterlogging, neither gas exchange, nor other parameters of lemon balm were altered, revealing insensitivity of plants to hypoxic stress, whereas gas exchange of basil was ca. 1/3 of the control. Both treatments increased anthocyanin content in lemon balm leaves, which may partially contribute to the resistance of this species to photooxidative conditions triggered by water stress.
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