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The influence of different doses of nitrogen applied in the sewage sludge and mineral fertilizers on the content and uptake of Mo, Fe, B, Mn, Se and Ti by willow (Salix viminalis) was investigated. In the field experiment the willow was cultivated on the objects fertilized with sewage sludge which contained the nitrogen in following doses in kg ha⁻¹: 100, 150 and 200. Also the objects with mineral nitrogen contained 150 kg N ha⁻¹, phosphorus and potassium in doses where the ratio N:P:K was equal 1:0.35:1 was used. The content of Mo and Fe in willow’s branches cultivated on the objects fertilized with sewage sludge was the highest after use of the smallest dose of nitrogen (100 kg N ha⁻¹). The content of Se, Ti and Mn in investigated biomass of willow branches was the highest after use of sewage sludge in the highest dose (200 kg N ha⁻¹). The content of boron marked in studied branches did not depend on applied fertilization. The total uptake of marked vestigial chemical elements by the biomass of willow in period 3 years of experiment was the most often highest on objects fertilized with the highest dose of sewage sludge (200 kg N ha⁻¹). The most of Fe, B and Ti taken willow cultivated in second year, however Mo, Mn and Se in third year of experiment.
This paper presents results of speciation analysis of soils coming from Silesia. In examinations a five-step extraction procedure has been applied. Direct analysis of sediments and analysis of extracts was carried out by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with wavelength dispersion. Examinations were carried out with the use of soil CRM S-1.
Aim The aim of this paper is the assessment of eating habits of high school students from grades 2 and 3, including eating habits, self-evaluation of diet and the most common nutrition mistakes committed by the members of the studied group. Materials and methodology The study involved 333 high school students between the age of 17 and 19. The group consisted of 150 girls and 183 boys. Data was collected using an original survey which consisted of questions dealing with diet and respondent’s particulars. The study was anonymous. The results have been subjected to statistical analysis using Pearson’s chi-squared test. The statistical differences recognized as significant were those with probability of p<0.05 Results The majority reaching nearly 40% of respondents declared that they eat 4 meals a day. Over 60% eat breakfast every day. The number of students who declared that they do not eat breakfast at all amounted to 48. Over 55% do not pay attention to their eating habits, whereas 45 students consider them unhealthy. About 60% of respondents declare that they do not drink energy drinks. Within the group of students who consume such drinks the most often declared frequency was 1-2 times a week. The answers, however, vary between the female and the male group (chi-square=82.72121, p≤0,05); 75% of males do not consume energy drinks, among females the percentage amounts to mere 43%. Conclusions The students taking part in the study commit nutrition mistakes which might be a sign of unsufficient level of health education within that field. The nutritional education of the youth should start in primary school and be adapted to the needs and possibilities of the target group. In the face of poor diet, it seems justified to analyze the sources of information on nutrition used by the youth in terms of their credibility.
The basic form of pollution is characterized by a microscopic size and solid state and it is called particulates or particulate matter. Unfortunately, these forms undergo a variety of transformations, which consequently can sometimes be easily modified and even cause an increase in their toxicity. This work was devoted to join the composition of various materials being residues after different combustion processes with the distribution of elements and molecules within studied surfaces. The content of chosen elements was determined using ICP-MS and ICP-OES methods. Elemental and/or molecular distribution was studied using surface sensitive techniques, SEM-EDS and ToF-SIMS. The obtained results revealed that the composition and morphology of particles are strongly influenced by the type of material and combustion conditions.
Studies on element concentration in soils, plants, invertebrates and food, and body parts of synanthropic bird nestlings in polluted and unpolluted urban environments have been reviewed. Different ways of intake of elements by nestlings living in urban environments are presented. This required the determination of differences in element concentration in soils, plants, invertebrates and nestlings' food. It was considered that knowledge of these differences would allow establishment of the relationship between the element concentration in birds' bodies and the environment. Homeostatic mechanisms ensured Fe, Mg, Zn, Mn and Co accumulation in definite amounts in nestling tissues. Copper is mainly stored in soft tissues. These mechanisms made it possible for nestlings to accumulate Cd and Pb in soft tissues in small amounts compared with concentration of these elements in the environment. The majority of Cd and Pb taken in by nestlings was accumulated in bones and feathers. Higher concentrations of toxic heavy metals decreases the accumulation of physiological elements in the bodies of nestlings.
The influence of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) on biochemical reactions in the environment depends in part on the possibility of its getting from soil to soil solutions. The various methods of sequential extraction of Cr from soil were studied (Tessier et al. [1, 2], Rudd [3], BCR [4-7], Gatehouse [8], Kersten and Förstner [9], Psenner [10], Sposito [11]) in order to characterize chemical fractions. It was found that chromium determination depends on the method used and varies from 18.2% (BCR) to 96.5% (Tessier) of chromium detection in soil (34.1 mg·kg⁻¹). Quantitative evaluation of chemical fraction of Cr in soil by methods of sequential extraction was carried out by Tessier [1-2], Kersten and Förstner method [9] and indicated that Cr desorption increases according to the following order: exchangeable fraction
Jednym z ważniejszych czynników warunkujących pobieranie, akumulację oraz dystrybucję pierwiastków w tkankach roślinnych jest interakcja pomiędzy jonami poszczególnych pierwiastków. W pracy badano zależność pomiędzy akumulacją Zn w korzeniach, mezokotylach oraz liściach Zea mays L. oraz formą i koncentracją selenu. Doświadczenia zostały przeprowadzone na 8-9 dniowych siewkach Zea mays L. var. K33xF2 wyhodowanych na płynnej pożywce Hoaglan- da (pH = 6,5) w temperaturze około 25°C, zawierającą w swoim składzie dodatkowo związki Na₂SeO₄, NaHSeO₃, SeO₂, Na₂Se o stężeniu 10⁻⁶-10⁻³ mol·dm⁻³. Akumulację cynku w liściach, mezokotylach oraz korzeniach mierzono metodą emisyjnej spektrometrii atomowej (ICP-AES). Zaprezentowane w pracy wyniki wskazują na zależność pomiędzy pobieraniem, dystrybucją i akumulacją cynku w roślinach kukurydzy, a obecnością selenu w środowisku zewnętrznym rosnących roślin, jego formą chemiczną i stężeniem.
W celu oceny wpływu masowych grobów na zawartość pierwiastków przeprowadzono badania na terasie plejstoceńskiej Wisły w Puszczy Niepołomickiej w okolicach Niepołomic niedaleko Krakowa. Badania te prowadzono w środowisku okresowo podmokłego piasku z domieszkąminerałów ilastych w górnej części pionowego profi lu. W środowisku tym stwierdzono istotny wpływ masowego grobu na: podłoże, mech płonnik, żywicę sosny, hubę brzozy oraz powietrze. Wielkości zmian oceniono na podstawie różnic w koncentracji pierwiastków w środowisku grobu względem miejsc porównawczych. W otoczeniu badanego grobu wykazano stosunkowo duże zawartości pierwiastków pochodzących ze zwłok ludzkich: P, S, N, C, Cl, Na oraz Ca. Szczególnie charakterystyczna jest wyższa zawartość P w podłożu oraz w powietrzu. Natomiast w hubie brzozy potwierdzono relatywnie wyższą koncentrację pierwiastków ciężkich.
Technika ICP-AES jest prostą i szybką metodą analityczną, która pozwala na bezpośrednią wielopierwiastkową analizę roztworów. W przypadku próbek biologicznych problemem analitycznym jest ich mineralizacja, zwłaszcza przy oznaczaniu pierwiastków występujących w śladowych ilościach.
The distribution of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Si, P, S, Al, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, As, Bi, Pb, Tl, Th, U, Ti, Cr, Ba and REE (determined by ICP-MS, ICP-AES, XRF and AAS methods) in bottom sediments of the southern Baltic as well as the Vistula and Szczecin Lagoons were discussed. Based on enrichment factors (EFs) the accumulation of the chemical elements in surficial sediment with respect to their concentration in Earth’s crust showed that Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ag in coastal regions seem to be generally anthropogenic in origin. It is shown that the sediments of the Szczecin Lagoon are the most polluted by heavy metals, especially Cd, Zn and Pb, and that the degree of heavy-metal pollution decreases substantially on passing from the Szczecin Lagoon to the Pomeranian Bay and then on passing to the Bornholm Deep and Słupsk Furrow. Fluffy material from the Oder estuary appears to be the main source of heavy metals in the muddy sediments of the Bornholm Deep. The distribution of the rare earth elements (REE) in sediments of the Polish EEZ is more complex than previously thought and may be controlled by the input of Fe-organic colloids from rivers and the presence of detrital material in the sediments. The rare earth element (REE) patterns in sediments from the study region do not appear to have been greatly modified during transport from their source into the southern Baltic. In each of the study areas, there is a slight enrichment in the LREE relative to the HREE in the sediments compared to the NASC. The lack of significant anomalies for the redox-sensitive elements such as Ce and Eu implies that redox processes have marginal significance in modifying the distribution of the REE in the sediments studied. Chemometric techniques (FA, EMA) appeared to be useful for interpreting the spatial differences of chemical element concentrations in the study area.
The scope of genetic variation in concentrations of minerals in potato tubers and effects of mineral fertilizers application, pesticides, growth regulators on the mineral content and the relationships of these elements in potato tubers, was analyzed. The study discussed the phenotypic variation range determined by genetic and environmental variability. The hypothesis presupposes that increased yields generated either by the application of mineral fertilizers and/or the use of cultivars with higher fertility may lead to a reduction in the concentration of minerals in potato tubers, was verified in the study.
Concentrations of the elements N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured in the leaves of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and the soil in which it grew. Concentration of total phenolics in bilberry leaves was also determined. Soil and leaves were sampled at polluted site situated 10–13 km northeast of copper smelter at Głogów (SW Poland) and at a relatively clean site. Soil at the vicinity of the Cu-smelter contained significantly more Cu, Pb, Cd, S, and significantly less Mn, Zn, Fe, Co, Ni than the non-polluted soil. Bilberry leaves from polluted site contained significantly higher concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, S, Fe and Cr and significantly lower concentrations of Mn and Zn. Furthermore, they had significantly higher level of total phenolics as compared with bilberry leaves from non-polluted site. Stepwise regression analysis enabled the identification of the leaf variables that best explain the variance pattern of the total foliar phenolics. This method indicated that the level of total phenolics in bilberry leaves increased with increasing concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd and S, and decreasing level of Mn and Zn in leaves. Total foliar phenolics in bilberry in the investigated area might be a suitable indicator of stress caused by environmental pollution of heavy metal and sulfur.
Oznaczano zawartość pierwiastków w kościach ogonowych owiec rasy laine-merynos pochodzących z czterech owczarni położonych na obszarze województwa zachodniopomorskiego. Materiałem do analizy były kręgi ogonowe owiec, które amputowano żywym owcom. Oznaczenia wykonano za pomocą metody potencjometrycznej dla oznaczenia fluorków, kolorymetrycznej dla oznaczania fosforanów oraz absorpcyjnej spektrofotometrii atomowej dla pozostałych pierwiastków: Ca, Mg, Fe i Zn. Obliczenia statystyczne, a w szczególności analizę parametryczną, wykonano za pomocą programu komputerowego Statistica i Statistica Neural Network.
Metodą atomowej spektrometrii emisyjnej z plazmą wzbudzoną indukcyjnie (ICP-AES) określono zawartość 19 pierwiastków (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, Zn) w owocnikach mikoryzowego grzyba wielkoowocnikowego koźlarza czerwonego (Leccinum rufum) oraz w podłożu glebowym ze stanowisk na terenie Pojezierza Kaszubskiego i Pobrzeża Słowińskiego. Określono wartości współczynnika biokoncentracji (BCF) wymienionych pierwiastków w kapeluszach i trzonach koźlarza czerwonego względem ich zawartości w glebie (warstwa 0–10 cm).
Oznaczono stężenie 44 pierwiastków (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, U, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Tl, Bi, Pb, Ai, Rb, Sr, Y, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Th i U) w piesze epifitycznego porostu pustułka pęcherzykowata zebranego z ośmiu różnych forofitów (sosna, jałowiec, lipa, olsza, leszczyna, dąb, brzoza i świerk) na malej powierzchni lasu koło miejscowości Łuby w Borach Tucholskich w lipcu 1994 r. W analizie zastosowano technikę podwójnie zogniskowanej, wysokoroz­dzielczej spektrometrii mas z wzbudzeniem w źródłach (double focused HR-ICP-MS), z nebulizerem ultradźwiękowym oraz emisyjnej spektroskopii atomowej ze wzbudzeniem w źródłach (ICP-AES). Wzorcem wewnętrznym byl ind (In). Analizowano zbieżność stężeń poszczególnych pierwiastków w piesze porostu w zależności od gatunku forofitu.
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