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The efficacy of some plant extracts on the control of potato tuber soft rot caused by Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora was evaluated in the laboratory conditions. Neem leaf and seed aqueous extracts significantly reduced the incidence and severity of tuber soft rot, while ironweed and Siamese cassia aqueous leaf extracts gave moderate control of the disease. Tuber treatment with river redgum aqueous leaf extract did not control tuber soft rot.
Since Aujeszky's disease have become an economic problem in pig farms in late 1960's and early 1970's many different vaccines, either inactivated or live - attenuated were developed. Soon it became evident that they differ in their efficacy. In this article a panel of tests used for evaluation of safety and efficacy of inactivated as well as live Aujeszky's disease vaccines is described.
Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate (H1) and fluazifop-P-butyl (H2) herbicides with adjuvants on the common reed without cutting and at two different cutting levels (10 and 30 cm). The adjuvants were urea, nitric acid and sulfonic acid. The relative importance value (RIV), leaf chlorophyll content and plant density were determined to assay the efficacy of herbicides. Glyphosate treatment only (H1 a) was more effective than fluazifop-P-butyl (H2 a) on reeds without cutting and at the 10 cm cutting level. However, no significant difference was observed between them at the 30 cm cutting level. A positive effect of plant cutting occurred on the efficacy of all herbicides applied alone or in a tank mix with adjuvants. Furthermore, the 10 cm cutting level was more effective in eradication of reeds than the 30 cm cutting level. The adjuvants significantly improved the efficacy of the recommended (Hb) and half recommended (Hc) herbicide rates in comparison to being used alone on uncut reeds. The reduction percentages were 94.5, 86.99, 76.61 and 69.94 for H1 b, H1 c, H2 b and H2 c treatments, respectively. However, the adjuvants did not improve the glyphosate effect at different levels of cutting. Conversely the reduction percentage of reeds was improved by the recommended rate of fluazifop-P-butyl with adjuvants (H2 b) to 92.77% and 84.62% at 10 and 30 cm cutting levels, respectively.
The study was carried out in the years 2013 and 2014 at the Łagiewniki farm to determine the effect of some herbicides on the yield and development of two opium poppy cultivars: ‘Lazur’ – with high morphine content, and ‘Borowski Biały’ – with low morphine content. The development and yield of the poppy was a derivative of environmental and agronomic conditions. The mixture of tembotrione and fluroxypyr applied post-emergence at a rate of 88 and 75 g a.i. · ha−1, respectively, effectively controlled most weeds which are harmful for the poppy and did not phytotoxically affect opium poppy plants. The level of yield also depended on the cultivar’s ability to grow under unfavourable weather conditions. A lower yield was noted for the cultivar with a lower content of morphine – ‘Borowski Biały’.
The trials conducted with selected chemical and biological insecticides in 1998-2000 showed the highest effectiveness of Karate Zeon 100 CS (lambda-cyhalotrine) in European corn borer (ECB) larvae control in sweet corn. The efficacy of biological insecticides containing Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki: Biobit 3.2 WP and Lepinox WDG was very variable between the years. Reasons for insufficient efficacy of these products are discussed. The most appropriate time for the application of a chemical insecticide against ECB larvae are plant developmental stages since the beginning of pollen shedding to full blooming (63–67 BBCH scale). The efficacy of treatment was the highest at that time.
The efficacy of UV treatment to control bacterial adhesion onto hard surfaces was investigated in laboratory conditions. The major characteristics necessary for biofilm formation like extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, carbohydrate and protein concentration in EPS, and adhesion ability onto hard surface were studied using two bacterial strains isolated from marine biofilms. The results showed that there was a considerable difference between the control and UV treated bacterial cultures in their viability, production of EPS, and adhesion ability. The protein and carbohydrate concentration of the EPS and the adhesion of bacterial cells to surface were also considerably reduced due to UV treatment. This study indicates that treatment of water with UV light may be used to control biofilm development on hard surfaces.
Different concentrations of Steward 150 SC and Tracer 240 SC were tested under laboratory conditions against first and second instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera. Results showed that these insecticides are very effective. The maximum mortality was observed by both insecticides and they can be used in the Integrated Plant Management (IPM) programme of any crop. For first instar, 300 ppm spinosad and 200 ppm indoxacarb can give complete mortality after 48 hours. For second instar larvae, 400 ppm spinosad can give maximum mortality (4.667), while 200 ppm of indoxacarb can give complete mortality after 48 hours.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of Silicosec by using contact and oral bioassay methods on survival of 1-7 days old adults of Oryzaeohilus surinamensis (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at 27±2°C and 65±5% RH. For contact method adult of these species were exposed to five doses of Silicosec for 3 days on plastic Petri dishes while in the case of oral bioassay technique the species were exposed to maize treated with five doses of Silicosec in small glass vials for 10 days. After exposure the initial mortality was recorded. For O. surinamensis in oral and contact methods 99% mortality was achieved at 8 333 ppm after 10 days and 165 ppm after 3 days, respectively, for T. castaneum 75% mortality achieved at 25 000 ppm after 10 days and 165 ppm after 3 days in the same order. For the oral method LC50 values for O. surinamensis and T. castaneum were 50 and 133 ppm, respectively after 10 days, while for the contact method these criteria were 8 and 57 ppm, respectively after 3 days. The results revealed that Silicosec with contact method could have more deleterious effect compared to the other method, and O. surinamensis was more susceptible to Silicosec than T. castaneum in either bioassay methods.
In the vicinity of copper foundry “Głogów” agricultural farms exist for 35 years. The aim of the work was to determine if biotypes of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) growing for many years in heavy metals polluted environment showed any differences in the efficacy of herbicides’ control. Seeds of C. album were collected near Głogów, from four cultivated fields with different content of heavy metals in soil (mainly copper). From these seeds experimental plants were grown in greenhouse conditions. In greenhouse experiments the efficacy of control of C. album by different pyridate (6-chloro-3-phenylpyridazin-4-yl S-octyl thiocarbonate) doses also in combinations with 0.2% CuSO4 was compared. Also the efficacy of pyridate in control of C. album seedlings which were grown in pots with soils collected from the vicinity of smelter was tested. Additionally, in growth chamber, the effect of increasing copper concentration on shoot and root growth was analyzed. Pyridate showed similar efficacy on tested populations of C. album without respect of soil contamination level, seeds’ origin and presence of copper ions in spray solution in which herbicide was used in full dose. Statistical differences were observed when herbicide was applied at ⅓ pyridate full dose, especially in the presence of Cu2+ ions in spray solution.
The effect of biopreparation Biochikol 020 PC on linear growth of mycelia of two Rhizoctonia isolates was tested under laboratory conditions along with that of fungicide Baytan Universal 19,5 WS for comparative purposes. Complete retardation of mycelial growth of both isolates was observed in case the application of fungicide Baytan Universal 19,5 WS at the concentration of 0.1% and a considerable growth inhibition was stated at the temperatures of 10°C and 30°C. The effect of seed dressing with the above mentioned preparations on plant infestation by Rhizoctonia fungi was tested in a greenhouse experiment on two cultivars of spring wheat: Banti and Ismena. Baytan Universal 19,5 WS reduced plant infestation especially at the highest soil moisture content of 20 kPa. Biopreparation Biochikol 020 PC and diversification of soil moisture levels did not result in a reduction of wheat infestation rate. This biopreparation stimulated the increase of root mass of both cultivars at moisture content of 20 kPa.
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