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The aim of this paper is to assess the level of economic development and foreign relations of the countries forming the economic group Mercosur. Numerous economic indicators are used for the purpose of research and international comparisons. Most important are gross domestic product (GDP), national income, unemployment rate, inflation rate, foreign trade’s and investments’ share in GDP. Other measures, which are based on GDP, may be used for economic growth assessment. These are for example economy internationalization, activity level, openness and dependence and international competitiveness. After a brief introduction to the subject, the manner of calculating the indicators that are used for such an assessment more rarely is described. Then the indicators calculated for the current Mercosur member states are analysed.
In the literature structural mismatches on the labor market are often characterized as insensitive to economic growth fluctuations. However, in this article the following hypothesis has been stated: that business cycle fluctuations affect the level of structural mismatches on the labor market in terms of qualifications; moreover, the higher the rate of economic growth, the lower is the level of structural mismatches. Verification of this hypothesis was based both on a qualitative and quantitative analysis. The quantitative one was done with the use of Granger causality tests conducted for a group of 29 developed countries for the period 2004q3 - 2012q2 with the use of two different indicators of structural mismatches. Both the quantitative and qualitative analyses confirm the stated hypothesis.
Since the pro-market reforms were launched, the Indian economy has grown from 5% in the 1980s to around 10% in 2011 before slowing down dramatically to less than half that rate in recent years. From launching of reforms until 2011, it did manifest some vivid and impressive signs of India moving towards high growth and increase in living conditions of its population. The purpose of this article is to access the likely effects of the reform measures on economic growth and poverty. Because the mainstream approach suggests that the reforms can be expected to increase economic growth and incomes. It seems that India’s growth has been led by the services sector, which includes real estates, IT, telecommunications, and banking, which contributes nearly 50% to the GDP in 2012. Manufacturing, which experienced remarkable growth and transformation in the East Asian economies, had rather grown much slower. The agriculture sector, which still employs nearly two-third of the India’s workforce, remains stagnant. The study suggests that education and health have been neglected in India and this will compromise productivity and growth.
The institutional structure and fundamental indicators of the national monetary sector are analysed. On the basis of size and activity indicators’ evaluation of separate segments of monetary sector we can conclude that during 2000-2011 the national monetary sector grew more rapidly than the real one. Using the correlation analysis, the impact of individual segments of the monetary sector on economic growth is revealed. The banking system plays a key role in the monetary sector of the Ukrainian economy. An increase in openness and transparency of the stock market, improvement of its government regulation will increase efficiency of the national monetary sector.
The water resources of the Lake Tana catchment are largely untapped. Currently, water resource development is being promoted to stimulate economic growth. This study utilized the WEAP model to determine the likely impact of a number of possible development scenarios on lake water levels. For each scenario, the model was used to simulate water demand in three sectors (i.e. irrigation, hydropower and downstream environmental flows) over a 36-year period of varying flow and rainfall. The simulation results revealed that if all the planned development occurs on average 2198 GWhy-1 power could be generated and 677 Mm3 y-1 of water supplied to irrigation schemes. However, the mean annual water level of the lake would be lowered by 0.44 meters. As well as adverse ecological impacts this would have significant implications for shipping and the livelihoods of local people.
An increased interest in sales as a function of the Slovak industrial enterprises has been caused by the increasing activity of enterprises within the European space, in which they are developing their sales effectiveness under the conditions of radical changes of markets. Due to the consequences of demand of a permanently sustainable economic growth, the requirements concerning the sales staff and their approaches to the market supply of organisations are changing. The article shows the features and competence of the sales people of Slovak enterprises as for the sales managers as well as the approaches of the sales people to the presentation of offer. On the basis of characteristics of the sales staff and its basic dimensions it presents the research results, which illustrate the present situation in the sphere of Slovak industrial enterprises. Finally the article shows not only the positive aspects of the present sales people of the Slovak industrial enterprises but also the ones which can become a source of revealing the unexpressed needs of customers.
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Main innovation indicators in Poland and Germany

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Author presents main innovation indicators in selected agglomerations and regions in Poland and Germany. These figures describe gap between regions and the state of knowledge- based economy. At present, less than 2% of Europe's wealth (GDP) is devoted to research, which compares poorly with 2.5% in the USA and more than 3% in Japan. Our goal is to approach 3% of GDP for research. This is an important part of the so-called "Lisbon strategy", which consists of a Partnership between the European Union and Member States to transform Europe in a vibrant knowledge economy, in order to boost economic growth, create more and better jobs and ensure lasting prosperity in Europe.
This paper proposes a metafrontier non-radial and non-oriental DEA to examine environmental efficiency in China. This approach takes the regional technology heterogeneity, non-radial slacks, and undesirable outputs into consideration simultaneously. The results show that undesirable output inefficiency largely contributes to environmental inefficiency. And under the metafrontier technology assumption, the technology gaps between three regions have been widened. Technology gap ratio, factor endowment level, and environmental governance capacity have a positive impact on TFEE, while industrial structure, foreign capital reliance, and energy consumption structure show the negative effect on it through two-stage regression analysis. This result suggests that emission reduction stress in China is greater than the energy savings stress in the future.
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