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In order to develop management strategies for sustainable use and conservation in the marine environment, reliable and meaningful, but integrated ecological information is needed. Biological valuation maps that compile and summarize all available biological and ecological information for a study area, and that allocate an overall biological value to subzones, can be used as baseline maps for future spatial planning at sea. This paper provides a concept for marine biological valuation which is based on a literature review of existing valuation criteria and the consensus reached by a discussion group of experts.
The paper focuses on the criteria for the assessment of the progress in ecology and attempts to respond to the question - how to achieve the progress in ecological research? As regards the first issue, the author suggests two criteria, which he finds an easy to determine measure of progress. They include the following: a number of resolved issues and the existing progress in perfecting the ecological terms. With respect to the latter issue, the author specifies six critical recommendations on the basis of literature data and cited opinions of several researchers. According to him, their application would make it possible to achieve an unquestionable progress in ecology.
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Site characteristics of Tuber magnatum in Greece

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Day after day it is being demonstrated that Greece hides a buried treasure in its forests. The wild black truffles Tuber aestivum, T. uncinatum, T. brumale and T. melanosporum and the white truffle T. borchii and recently T. magnatum are picked in a variety of forest ecosystems all over the country. The information which has been collected has initiated a national programme on truffle cultivation which, so far, has immense appeal, especially among young farmers. The discovery of carpophores of T. magnatum, the most valued white truffle in the market, triggered the interest in studying the site characteristics, botanical and pedological, in order to help farmers to cultivate the species in similar sites. All carpophores were found under hornbeam (Carpinus orientalis) along the banks of a creek on alluvial sediment. Soil analyses of four soil samples from truffle nests showed a narrow range of values of pH in water (7.57–7.78) and 1N KCL (6.94–7.07) and a similar granulometric soil texture.
The Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants has been carrying out a complex research related to application of natural dyes on fabrics. Colors of nature, obtained from various plants, have contributed to creating a collection of clothes produced from linen fabrics. The UV radiation can cause earlier skin ageing, burns and even skin cancer. The increasing hazard posed by UV radiation due to thinning of the ozone layer forces the textile producers to pay attention to providing textile products with barrier properties that would guarantee the protection against harmful UV radiation. The results of the studies proved that many fabrics dyed with dyeing plants using the original method developed at INF&MP are characterized with good or very good protection factors. Fengurek Trigonella foenum-graecum, coreopsis Coreopsis tinctoria L., knotgrass Polygonum aviculare L., India madder Rubia cordifolia L. the are represent group of plants with excellent UV properties.
The image of a company and its offer stems from characteristics which are highlighted in promotion, as well as from everything that a potential recipient of information is able to find in the market. Building the image of ecologically sensitive and responsible business may affect not only its perception, but also purchase decisions of customers. It seems, however, that in recent years statements and symbols relating to ecology, nature, and sustainable development are excessively exploited. Manifestation of this trend is greenwashing, defined as an apparent care for the environment by suggesting that the product is environmentally friendly (or natural), or a company is ecologically sensitive, which is not entirely true. But through such activities an image of a socially responsible business may be built. A purpose of this article is to show the essence of greenwashing and to verify the thesis that greenwashing affects purchasing decisions of customers only in some situations. It was found that greenwashing means information that is partly false, irrelevant, incomprehensible, or omits important issues. So, it could be stated that a manufacturer deceives potential customers. Results of research show, however, that consumers are guided not only by information about environmental characteristics of products, but also by a good brand and aesthetics. Thus, the thesis has been verified positively. This article is under a case study and research categories, because it discusses a case of greenwashing and shows original results of the test.
A new site of Biatoridium monasteriense was discovered during a lichenological investigation in Białowieża National Park. The paper presents information on the distribution of this species in Poland.
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