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The aim of the study was to compare the course and dynamics of strongyles invasions in a year-long cycle in primitive Polish horses of different ages and sexes from one breeding farm. Studies were carried out on 15 mares, 5 stallions, 6 geldings, 17 young mares (1.5-2 years old) and 14 colts (the same age as the mares). All the animals were treated twice with anthelminthics: first in December 2003 with Equimax and second in May 2004 with Abamitel Plus. Samples of faeces were taken at monthly intervals and examined using the flotation method according to Fulleborn and McMaster. All the horses had been infected before treatment with strongyles. The intensity of invasion ranged from 40 to 980 eggs per gram of faeces. The extent of invasion did not change significantly in the horses after the first or second treatment - only its intensity diminished. The intensity of invasion in stallions was very minor, whereas there was no considerable elimination of strongyles in mares remaining at pasture from May to October. The only decrease in the number of eggs in faeces was ascertained in January and then in July. In August, however, there was a considerable increase in the invasion which peaked in November. A significant decrease in the strongyles invasion occurred after the first treatment in colts and it completely waned in the young mares, but then its intensity increased slowly in the latter group and peaked in May. The invasion significantly decreased following the next treatment, but only for the month of July, whereas it began increasing from August and was the highest in young mares in October and in the colts in November. In the case of geldings the intensity of strongyles invasion was minor until July and only increased in August and September with its peak occurring in December. The results of both the study as well as those of authors quoted in the article suggest that in order to attain a significant decrease of strongyles invasions horses should be treated not only during autumn-winter (November-December) and before the grazing season (May), but also at the turn of July-August.
Studies were carried out from January to December on a herd of primitive Polish horses consisting of a 17-year-old stallion, 8 mares (1-17-years-old) and 7 foals born in April, May and August. Recent excrement was examined by a flotation method according to Fulleborn and McMaster. Only an invasion of toothed strongyles occurred throughout the year in the stallion, its intensity fluctuating between 300 eggs/g of excrement (February) and 1300 in October. In mares, besides a permanent invasion of strongyles, eggs of Parascaris Equorum and tapeworms occurred in some months. The greatest number of eggs of strongyles in mares’ excrement was found in July (2700 epg) and November (1400 epg), and the lowest in February (200 epg). The eggs of Parascaris Equorum were detected in June in a one-year as well as a 17-year-old mare and in August in a 14-year-old one, while tapeworm eggs were found in a one-year-old mare in May and October and in a 17-year-old one in May and June. In the excrement of foals born in April, eggs of strongyles as well as Parascaris Equorum appeared in June. 100% of the foals were infected with toothed strongyles since September. The eggs of Parascaris occurred in June and July in the excrement of a 3-month-old foal and in September in all foals born in April and May. The tapeworm invasion was noted in one foal in September and in the second one in November. The intensity of toothed strongyles invasion in foals fluctuated between 30 epg (June) and 300 epg (July, November, December). The intensity of Parascaris Equorum and tapeworms was 20-300 epg and 20-60 epg respectively. The presence of a large number of toothed strongyles eggs and a considerably lesser presence of Parascaris as well as tapeworms in the excrement of the examined animals is connected with the environment where the primitive Polish horses have continually lived for over 50 years. It was also noticed that the intensity of invasion depends on sex, age and period of investigations.
The aim of the paper was to estimate the course of mallophagan invasion in foals from stable mares as well as from forest-bred ones staying together in the stable. Estimation of the course of mallophagan invasion was conducted from November 2006 to May 2007 in foals from stable mares as well as from forest breeding mares. The extensiveness of W. equi invasion in young mares from stable breeding increased from 83.3% in January to 100% in April and May. In young stallions from this group in the first months of investigations it was 25% and kept increasing since February reaching 75% in the last months of alcove breeding. Young forest-bred horses were free from mallophagans on the day of taking them into the stable. After a one-month stay in the stable they became infected. In young mares from forest breeding the extensiveness of invasion increased from 25% in February to about 87% in March. In April and May it reached 100%. A similar increase in the extensiveness of invasion was observed in stallions. The total number of mallophagans and their eggs in 100 mg of coat in mares from the stable group was 21 in January and 34 in April. Considerably smaller number of parasites was found in the coat of mares caught in the forest. The intensity of W. equi invasion in young stable-bred stallions was almost the same as in the forest-bred ones. It was found that young mares from both groups of horses are more susceptible to mallophagan invasions than stallions, and the forest-bred foals are more resistant to W. equi than those that grew up in the stable.
The aim of the research was to observe the dynamics of excretion of strongyles and to establish the intensity and extent of their invasion in two annual cycles against the background of weather conditions in the period. It was proved that environmental conditions in which invasion larvae can survive are of significant importance in the process of strongyles infection of horses. It was established that much higher intensity and a greater extent of infection of horses with these nematodes occured in the warmer year with more sunny days and a relatively lower air humidity.
The studies were carried out on a poultry farm with about 85 thousands birds. The aim of the study was to estimate the intensity of a Dermanyssus galinae invasion in a complete productive cycle of laying hens. To collect the mites, their eggs, larvae and nymphs, on the front wall of the cages of the central part of corridor 20 paper tubes were hung at the levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m from the floor, between the 16th and 73rd weeks of breeding. After 2-3 weeks, the tubes were removed, placed in jars and closed. In the laboratory the sediment was weighed and the number of parasites was counted. The most of D. gallinae females and developmental forms were found between 26 and 36 weeks of breeding in the tubes placed at the level of 0.5 m, followed by a significant decrease of their number. In the tubes placed at the level of 1.0 m, the number of mites and their forms increased until the 29th week and then slowly decreased until the 59th week. The number of D. gallinae from the tubes at the level of 1.5 m increased irregularly until the 38th week. From the 44th week the number of parasites significantly decreased and kept at the same level until the end of hens’ breeding. On the basis of the results obtained it was ascertained that the smallest number of mites occurred in the cages at the level of 1.0 m from the floor (average 49.6 individuals in 100 g of sediment), and the greatest in cages placed at the level of 0.5 m as well as 1.5 m (57.6 and 55.1 individuals in 100 g of sediment, respectively). Knowledge of the collection of the large number of mites at definite heights in a poultry-house can be used for the control of these parasites.
The aim of investigations was to evaluate the invasion of mallophagan Werneckiella equi in primitive Polish horses during the alcove breeding period. In 6-20% of mares mallophagans were found during the entire period of investigations. In leading stallions the invasion intensity was insignificant and extensiveness amounted to 20%. Similarly, a low invasion of this parasite was initially ascertained in geldings and 1.5-year-old mares, subsequently the invasion increased. The height of mallophagan intensity occurred in April and its greatest extensiveness in May. In one-year-old mares from free breeding, parasites were discovered before their weaning from mothers, while of those that were caught in the forest and taken into stable in January, up to 50% were infected with mallophagans, in March and April respectively to a degree of 85% and 100%. Infection of one-year-old stallions from alcove breeding were considerably stronger than mares. In this group of horses mallophagans occurred as early as their stay with mothers. After their weaning, the intensity of the invasion increased, attaining its height in April. In 89% of stallions caught in the forest mallophagans were ascertained in January, after their moving into stables. Many factors influenced such a differential mallophagan infection of primitive Polish horses, among other things, age of animals, length of hair as well as sex and, additionally, in mares and stallions from free breeding, additional stress as a result of moving them into the stable.
The studies were carried out in the farm SK Bielin, on 45 calves. The prevalence and intensity of the Coccidia infection were determined by means of the Willis-Schlaaf's and McMaster's methods. Whereas the Coccidia composition in the examined animals was determined by the morphological features of the oocysts and the sporulation time. The following six Eimeria species were isolated in the commercial fanns - E. bovis, E. aubernensis, E.zurni, E. ellipsolidalis, E. subspherica and E. cylindrica. The calves were divided into control and two experimental groups - 15 animals per group. Anticoc was administered for 5 days in a dose of 0,9 ml/10 kg of body weight. Baycox was administered twice in 7 days interval in a dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight. The weight gain and the course of coccidia infection in calves before and after treatment with Baycox and Anticoc were examined. In control group the coccidia infection was very high. After administration of Anticoc the intensity of coccidia infection was falling down and 0-180 oocysts were found in 1 g of feces. After administration of Baycox the intensity of coccidia infection was very low and only 0-80 oocysts were found in 1 g of feces. The results were analysed statistically, and significant differences between the treated and untreated animals at P≤0.01 were observed.
The aim of the study was to determine the level of gastro-intestinal parasite infections in sheep farmed organically (herd E, 30 ewes) and kept conventionally (in two conventional sheep operations), in total confinement (herd K1, 16 ewes) or under a pasture system (herd K2, 25 ewes). Every month during the grazing season coproscopic examinations by the McMaster method were conducted, making a total of 455 fecal samples analyzed, and at the end of the season diagnostic sections of the entire gastro-intestinal tracts from 18 sheep (6 ewes from each of the sampled flocks) were performed. The intensity of infection with coccidia, and especially with pathogenic species of gastrointestinal nematodes (i.e. Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus vitrinus) was much higher in sheep from the organic farm, compared to two farms conventionally managed. Meanwhile, in the conventional farm with grazing animals (herd K2) Nematodirus battus – a highly pathogenic, foreign species of nematode was found – and the herd was also largely infected with the tapeworms of Moniezia genus. A higher level of helminth infections and especially much greater species diversity of gastrointestinal nematodes observed in grazing sheep indicate a substantial role of pasture in the formation of parasitic clusters. In pasture management, alongside the biology and pathogenesis of parasites the use of proper preventive measures is most important.
The aim of the study was to determine the degree of parasitic invasion at various physiological stages, as well as tracing the dynamics of parasitic invasions in a flock of sheep kept in the combined indoor-pasture management system. The observations were performed on 224 mother ewes of the synthetic SCP prolific meat line over the course of two years. The animals were kept in the combined indoor-pasture management system with uniform feeding and environmental conditions and were under continuous animal husbandry and veterinary supervision. The ewes participating in the experiment were not wormed in the year preceding the experiment and during the observations. The experiment involved parasitologic tests aimed at the determination of abundance and prevalence of invasions of gastrointestinal parasites in mother ewes. The study material was faeces collected from the rectum in the following stages: pregnancy (November), day 2, 28, 42 and 56 after lambing, drying off (day 100 after lambing) and rest (between dry-off and mating). In the analysis of the results of the study it can be noted that, in most cases, the highest prevalence and abundance levels are observed in the infertility period. Moreover, the period of pregnancy and lambing was a crucial one. On the other hand, the lowest abundance and prevalence levels in the majority of cases were observed on day 28 and 42 after lambing. The results of the study should be taken into consideration during the development of prevention strategies limiting parasitic invasions in sheep flocks. Adjusting chemotherapy to the most important periods of parasitic invasions will enable a more efficient fight against parasites. It should also reduce the excessive use of chemical preparations, which is crucial due to the increasing resistance of parasites. Apart from the aforementioned actions, farmers should pay attention to supporting immunity by means of feed, especially in the periods of highest vulnerability to invasions. Such actions should lead to the reduction of losses caused by parasitic invasions in sheep flocks.
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