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Dynamic changes of food producers in Bulgaria

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The food and beverage production in Bulgaria has dramatically changed after the full EU membership in 2007. This change has affected not just the production structure, but also the import and export structure as well as overall production potential of the agri-food sector. The aim of the paper is to look inside the changes from the perspective of the single producer. This means to answer to the question: why has the Bulgarian agri-food production been getting worse? The analyses showed that food industry does not have the ability to move over the 1980s values. Partially this state is a result of misunderstanding by food processors how to manage their production more efficiently. The greatest potential for dynamic change of Bulgarian food industry is in the innovation inputs (development of new products and technologies improvement overall marketing). For food sector the major role, among all types of innovations, is played by product innovations.
Determined the impact of special power and special cars on the road transport industry with concrete sleepers type SB 3-0. The dependences of the dynamics of changes in the coefficients depending on the type of rolling stock and the life path
Natural river-floodplain systems are heterogenous mosaics of lotic and lentic habitats subjected to dynamic temporal changes connected with hydrological regime, which promote high biological diversity. Mollusc assemblages of three habitat types within 10 km section of the lower course of the Liwiec River (East Poland) — the main river channel (MC), the secondary channel (SC) and remnants of the former river channel (FC), were compared to find if they were structured by heterogeneity resulting from hydrological connectivity and disturbance intensity related to it. The influence of selected qualitative environmental variables was also analysed. The investigations were carried out at 19 sites during late spring and late summer in the years 2012–2014, molluscs were sampled from approximately 1 m² of the bottom with a hand net, and from macrophytes with a frame. Rich aquatic malacofauna (36 species including 22 gastropods and 14 bivalves) was found within the study area including three species of special interest: Anisus vorticulus (Troschel), Unio crassus Phillipsson and Anodonta cygnea (L.). Bivalves Sphaerium corneum (L.) and Pisidium spp dominated within MC, in SC a few common and ubiquitous species (mainly snails) prevailed, pulmonate snails and some small bivalves of the genus Pisidium were the most numerous molluscs within FC. Principal Component Analysis revealed that current velocity, channel width, bottom sediments and macrophyte abundance were important environmental factors structuring mollusc assemblages. Considerable variation in species composition (β diversity), especially between the main river channel and two other habitat types (β²) was found. The highest values of mean species richness, Shannon true diversity and Shannon index found in the secondary channel were in accordance with intermediate disturbance hypothesis.
The aim of the study was the determination of IgA, IgM and IgG concentrations in porcine serum and colostrum, in order to evaluate their variations in the perinatal period, as well as to clarify whether there is a correlation between colostrum intake, initial level of immunoglobulins (Ig) in piglet serum and development of their own immunity. The mean IgA, IgM and IgG concentrations in sow serum 10 days before parturition were 1.58, 6.12 and 39.56 mg/ml, respectively. Seven days later only the IgG level was insignificantly lower (34.94 mg/ml, p=0.55), while concentrations of IgA and IgM increased to 2.25 and 7.25 mg/ml, respectively (p=0.23 and 0.62, respectively). The mean initial IgG concentration in colostrum at farrowing was 118.5 mg/ml and differed between sows. The average value of IgA in colostrum at birth was 23.8 mg/ml and decreased to 7.85 mg/ml at 6 hours (h) and to 4.59 mg/ml at 24 h after the onset of farrowing. IgM concentration at birth was 12.1 mg/ml and decreased to 4.23 mg/ml at 24 h postpartum. Positive relationships were found between concentrations of IgM and IgA in serum of piglets at 14 and 56 days of life (r = 0.41 and 0.80, respectively, p≤0.05) as well as for IgG concentration in the piglets serum at 7 days and 56 days of age (r = 0.48, p≤0.05). The above observations suggest that there is a correlation between the level of Ig in piglet serum in the first days of life and improvement of their own immunity.
The effects of inorganic nutrients (N, P) enrichment of mesotrophic lake water on changes in bacterial and protistan (heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates) communities compositions were studied in the mesocosm experiment. Phosphorus (PO₄³⁻) and nitrogen (NH₄⁺) alone and in combination were added to three types of experimental mesocosms. Mesocosms results suggested that simultaneous addition of P and N stimulated phytoplankton growth and production rates of bacterial biomass its turnover rate. Strong positive correlations between chlorophyll a and bacterial secondary production rates suggested that bacteria were mainly controlled by organic substrates released in course of phytoplankton photosynthesis. Both nutrients increased distinctly protistan biomass and resulted in the shift in ciliate community composition from algivorous to large omnivorous species. The response of bacterial numbers and biomass to nutrients addition was less evident. However, intensive grazing caused their dynamic changes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed only small changes in bacterial taxonomic composition. There was an apparent shift in dominance from Cytophaga-Flavobacterium to the Alphaproteobacteria group in the mesocosm with simultaneous addition of P and N, which positively related to increased abundance of bacterivorous protists. Experiment demonstrated that inorganic N and P nutrients directly influenced the bottom-down control of microbial communities, which had a crucial effect on morphological diversity of bacteria.
Zbadano zmiany zawartości wapnia, magnezu i fosforanów w kościach udowych kurcząt rasy Starbro w wieku od 1. do 50. dnia życia. Wapń i magnez oznaczano metodą absorpcyjnej spektrometrii atomowej. Fosforany oznaczano metodą spektrofotometryczną. Wyniki analiz podzielono na 5 grup i poddano je analizie statystycznej. Stwierdzono istotną zależność zmian zawartości wapnia, magnezu i fosforanów od wieku (p<0.05) oraz istotne statystycznie różnice (pcO.OOl) pomiędzy średnimi zawartościami wapnia, magnezu i fosforanów we wszystkich elementach strukturalnych kości udowych kurcząt. Stwierdzono liczne korelacje pomiędzy pierwiastkami ze wszystkich tkanek kości kurcząt (p<0.05).
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