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The discovery of Strongyloides stercoralis, a parasite of human gastrointestinal system and lungs, was presented from the historical point of view. The sequence of achievements, in regard of explanation of the parasite's life cycle, determining its ways and invasion sites and discovering a different kind of autoinfection in strongyloidosis cycle, was described.
Medycyna Weterynaryjna
|
2010
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tom 66
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nr 07
s.439-443,rys.,fot.,tab.,bibliogr.
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most common cause of hepatitis in humans all over the world. Non-enveloped HAV is classified to the Picornaviridae family. The virus is highly resistant to physico-chemical factors. The genome contains the single-strand RNA encoding a long polyprotein. This polyprotein is used to form four structural and seven non-structural proteins in the post translating process. All polyprotein cleavage sites have not been identified, yet infection with HAV frequently occurs through the consumption of contaminated food or water. The disease is often asymptomatic in young children. In older children and adults different clinical symptoms may be observed, from mild (without jaundice) to severe liver failure. In many regions of the world the disease occurs endemically and in developed countries outbreaks and epidemics are noted. Inactivated vaccines are used in specific protection.
Infection with Bonamia ostreae has significantly decreased the production of the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) in Europe. This pathogen came from North America and rapidly spread to almost the entire oyster farming areas in Europe. The etiological agent is a parasite, Bonamia ostreae, with an unclear taxonomy at present. This parasite is located intrahaemocytic but can be observed extracellularly between epithelial or interstitial cells in gills and stomach. Two cells types of the parasite are apparent: 2, 3 µm to 6 µm in diameter. Bonamiosis is a lethal infection. Dead or gaping oysters are the most common clinical signs. Most of the infected oysters appear normal, but sometimes lesions in the connective tissue of the gills, mantle, and digestive glands can be observed. Yellow discoloration appears when advanced infections become systemic. Direct transmission from host to host is the most possible. Life cycle outside the host is unknown. The disease is seasonal. Prevalence and intensity of infection tends to increase during the warm season. There is no chemotherapy and vaccination. An effective program to prevent the transfer of infected stocks is the sole method of controlling this disease, which should be connected with appropriate diagnostic methods to detect the etiological agent.
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a zoonosis. It may effect humans, but this is extremely rare and does not present a threat to public health. The FMD virus has been isolated and identified in not more than 40 patients during the last century. The incubation period is 2-6 days. Symptoms have mostly been mild, mainly vesicular lesions on the hand, feet and sometimes in the mouth, especially on the tongue and palate. Moreover, the illness could cause malaise with fever, headaches, and sore throat. Human cases have usually recovered within one week after the last blister formation. The transmission of the virus to humans can take place via direct contact with infected animals, inhalation of airborne viral particles or contaminated articles. Person-to-person spread of the disease has not been reported. Persons at risk are mostly involved with direct contact with sick animals, e.g., farmers, veterinary staff and all persons involved in the killing of infected animals. FMD should not be confused with the human disease: hand, foot-and mouth disease. This is a common and usually mild viral infection, principally of children, caused by different viruses, primarily by group A coxackievirus, type 16. The disease is also often confused with infections caused by herpes simplex virus, vesicular stomatitis virus or poxviruses.
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