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The economic development of the country is very much dependent on the development of the transport infrastructure, which is one of the main priorities of the state policy included in the planning and development documents. Ensuring a efficiently functioning transport system, primarily the network of roads, involves the need to improve the technical characteristics of existing roads or to build new sections. With the linear nature of road investments, we deal with interference in significant areas that have direct and indirect effects. The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of investments realized for different categories of public roads on the area of land needed to be excluded from forest production. The structure and area of the land as well as the number of forest superintendents transferred areas were also analyzed. The study was conducted for forest areas managed by the State Forests National Forest Holding (SF NFH). Data on the area of the transferred forest land was obtained from SF NFH units and the General Directorate of National Roads and Motorways (GDDKiA). In the years 2012−2015, SF NFH units transferred the land into the management of GDDKiA 203 times with the total area of 617 ha. In the same period, the transfer of the land ownership to local government for voivodship, county and municipal roads took place in 388 cases and covered 556.6 ha. Since 2003 (i.e when special act on road investments came into force), the area of the transferred land amounted to 282.7 ha in Toruń, 78.6 ha in Gdańsk and 558.4 ha in Poznań regional directorates of the State Forests. There was a decrease in the area of the transferred lands depending on the category of public roads, while the highest number of events for municipal roads was observed. There is a great variability in the time, number and area of property transferred to public roads.
The forestry communication system is included in larger transport areas through forest roads connections mainly with public roads, but also with internal ones. The possibility of realization of these connections and defining their technical parameters is very important, as it concerns the cooperation of various property owners as well as interference of the State Forest units into other land (road lane). The aim of the research was to analyse the exits, i.e. connections of forest roads with public or other internal roads, necessary to ensure the functioning of the communication system of the forest district. We investigated existing as well as the planned to be built exits. The research was carried out based on the developed information sheet regarding the scale and scope of issues related to the operation of the exits. We received back 412 information sheets and analysed the data according to the category of the road and the regional directorates of the State Forests (RDSFs). The total number of functioning exits the State Forests equals 108,239. The exits number varies from 2505 in RDSF Piła to 12,341 in RDSF Olsztyn and depends on the number of forest districts and their area, which is confirmed by the high number of exits in RDSF Bialystok, Szczecin and Wroclaw (tab. 1). The highest number of exits (53,455) was found for junctions with commune roads, and then district roads (31,190). A large number of exits (8111) was recorded for roads that do not have the status of a public road. More than a half of the surveyed forest districts (262) demonstrated the need to build 9072 new exits from various road categories, indicating primarily exits from communal roads and district roads (tab. 2). No need of building the exits to national roads was exhibited by 320 forest districts, and by 253 units for regional, 183 for district and 211 for communal roads.
Budowa i rozwój układu komunikacyjnego decyduje o poziomie gospodarczym danego kraju. W Polsce, pomimo sukcesywnych inwestycji w tym zakresie, wciąż mamy za mało korzystnych rozwiązać sieci drogowej i połączeń międzynarodowych, co jest poważną barierą gospodarczą. Oprócz środków finansowych niezbędnych na rozbudowę układu komunikacyjnego potrzebne są zmiany legislacyjne mające na celu usprawnienie procesu pozyskiwania gruntów na te cele, uzyskiwania decyzji inwestycyjnych oraz ustalania słusznych odszkodowań za grunty przejęte pod drogi publiczne. W ostatnich latach w polskim prawie obserwujemy istotne zmiany mające na celu częściową realizacją powyższych tez. Zmiany te bowiem dotyczą głównie uproszczenia procedur pozyskiwania gruntów, przez co w sposób istotny wpływają na skrócenie procesu inwestycyjnego. W pracy zwrócono uwagę na konieczność dopracowania procedur ustalania wysokości odszkodowań, które oprócz wartości rynkowej nieruchomości powinny uwzględniać koszty dodatkowe jakie musi ponieść właściciel w celu nabycia nowej nieruchomości. Ponadto, duże znaczenie mają nieuwzględniane obecnie w procesie odszkodowawczym, utracone korzyści z nieruchomości wykorzystywanych na cele działalności gospodarczej. W pracy zwrócono uwagę na konieczność tworzenia zasobów mieszkaniowych w sytuacjach gdy stan techniczny przejmowanych obiektów mieszkalnych nie daje możliwości nabycia nieruchomości zamiennej o podobnej funkcji.
The development of the transportation network brings both benefits and threats. Much attention is paid to soil contamination with trace elements, difficulties in animal migration, noise propagation or synanthropisation of the vegetation cover. This paper deals with the effect of provincial road No. 150 on inventory characteristics of neighboring Scots pine stands in the Notecka Forest (western Poland) – one of the larger forest complexes in Europe. Twelve rectangular experimental sites were established perpendicular to the road axis, called belt transects. Each transect consisted of 3−4 plots located at different distances from the pavement edge (fig.). Measurements and estimations were recorded for the plots. Values from all belt transects were approximated within plots at the same distance from the road and then compared using statistical methods. Observations were conducted in Scots pine stands growing on fresh coniferous forest (Bśw) and fresh mixed coniferous forest (BMśw) sites. Reduced stand density that resulted in decreased basal area, volume and growth rates were observed in the immediate vicinity of the road compared to the forest interior. Individual trees were thicker, but more often burdened with defects decreasing timber value. Any considerable effect of the road on tree height wasn't observed. The above mentioned changes were more evident in poorer habitat conditions, while the location in relation to the road had no significant effect. Modified lighting conditions are probably the main cause of these changes. At the edge of Scots pine stands in the Notecka Forest, a unique ecotone has formed under the influence of the provincial road.
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